Persuasive Letter Draft for Business Operations- myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about thePersuasive Letter Draft for Business Operations. Answer: To the Professor, It is to bring to your notification that I have gone to classes particle the semester. I had taken up your classes on the Business activities and the board and I was loaded up with youir addresses and the modules which helped me in gaining extensive ground in my bearer building. Despite the fact that, I found the subjects very testing and creative, it was through the steady exertion that I could exceed expectations in my appraisals and clear the potential difficulties. The most interesting part was, the manner by which you conveyed your talks. It helped a great deal in understanding the subject and holding over the prerequisites. I would not be taking quite a bit of your time sir, since I realize you are a bustling man. The letter ios to look for your assistance into an issue concerning my bearer. I am searching for an occupation in an organization for the post of associate supervisor. The sole reason for this mil is to make you mindful that I require a letter of proposal so as to make myself acquainted with the comapny and consequently utilize the suggestion as a positive effect on the selecting group. I have been requeting my prisoners about the proposal in this manner I thought of asking one from you so as to ensure that I get myself a solid suggestion which will help me in getting utilized quiet. The most significant thought that is being embraced by me all together toi utilize the proposals depend on the necessities of the associations. The association wherein I am looking fprward to get utilized requires a solid proposal. I thought you are presumably the best paerson to get suggested from. In this manne r, I am composing this letter to you requesting the kindness. I demand you to prescribe me to the organization, despite the fact that the most significant piece of the conversation depends on the choice you take with regards to the suggestion. The choice you take will be last thusly on the off chance that you donot feel good to think of me a suggestion please donot feel committed. I comprehend the issues and along these lines commitment at your part isn't required. I thank you for setting aside the effort to think about my solicitation. Earnestly, (Name of the sender) ( Date: )

Financial Institutions Essay

The best money related foundation for the high obligation and high pay experts hoping to acquire protection and venture counsel and administrations is a budgetary arranging administrations organization, for example, Ameriprise Financial. Money related arranging takes a gander at life occasions and life objectives, for example, retirement and domain arranging and offers counsel and gives items to help meet those objectives. Numerous money related arranging administrations organizations additionally offer advances and store banking accounts. For the most part one delegate who is authorized to sell protection, ventures, and credits will work with this couple all through their relationship with the organization. The representative’s objective is to intermittently audit changes in life occasions and adjust the couple’s protection and venture portfolio to meet their changing objectives and destinations. For this couple, the delegate may recommend an item that consolidates protection and venture, for example, an annuity or all inclusive extra security. The couple can set up a relationship with a monetary administrations firm in a nearby office or through an intuitive site kept up by the organization. Sometimes the bank that they are now settled with may have a money related arranging division that they can access in the nearby office or through the bank site. Situation B The best money related organization for an understudy hoping to set up a checking or sparing record, set up credit, and build up a relationship with a monetary establishment ought to think about a credit association. A credit association is like a bank in that it offers store records and advance projects, however varies from banks in that credit associations are non-benefit associations that are claimed and worked by individuals instead of being possessed by investors and worked by official sheets. Credit associations for the most part offer higher financing costs on investment accounts, lower expenses on financial records, and lower loan fees on advances and charge cards. Credit organization enrollment is commonly attached to an association, for example, a worker's guild, numerous enormous companies have representative credit associations, a few temples or networks have credit associations for individuals. This understudy can build up a credit association relationship through guardians or may get utilized in a neighborhood business that offers acknowledge organization enrollment as a worker advantage. Associations like the Credit Union National Association gives assets and data to customers. Situation C The best money related establishment for an entrepreneur who needs numerous store and financial records, speculation administrations, and access to branches in different urban communities ought to consider a national bank, for example, Bank of America that has branches across the country just as online record get to. Bank of America, and comparable national banks, offer online finance handling, Visa preparing for retailers, and furnish organizations with the choice of bringing bank articulation data into mainstream bookkeeping programming arrangements, for example, Quicken, QuickBooks, and Microsoft Money. National banks have offices devoted to independent venture loaning and offer different kinds of Small Business Administration (SBA) credits. They additionally have administrations to address the issues of claim to fame ventures including financing and renting associations with car vendors. The entrepreneur can build up a relationship with a financial expert at a neighborhood office or can set up accounts on the web. National banks commonly have broad, intuitive sites which give data and direction on building up the business banking relationship. References Ameriprise Financial. Budgetary arranging counsel and money related guides. Recovered March 11, 2009, from http://www. ameriprise. com/default-home . asp Bank of America. Independent venture credits, finance administrations and other private company administrations. Recovered March 11, 2009, from https://www. bankofamerica. com/smallbus iness/file. jsp Credit Union National Association, Consumer Info. America’s credit associations: where individuals are worth more than cash. Recovered March 11, 2009, from http://www. creditunion. coop/what_is_a_ cu. html

Looking For the Legend of Sleepy Hollow Essay Topics?

Looking For the Legend of Sleepy Hollow Essay Topics?When looking for The Legend of Sleepy Hollow essay topics, there are a lot of things to consider before selecting the right ones. There are things that you should keep in mind when selecting the proper essay topic for your college essay.First and foremost, you should look for an article or short story that is set in a sleepy town in America. The town of Sleepy Hollow is a fictional town that is located in New England, however it is not true. The town does exist and it is not a city at all, but rather a community which is located on the grounds of a small chapel.Then, if you choose to write an essay about the night life, try to use your imagination as much as possible. You can always use pictures and drawings from actual historical events. The town of Sleepy Hollow has a very rich history, one that is sometimes referred to as being supernatural in nature. For instance, there was a battle between the Devil and God that took place in the town in 1628.Another great thing about the town of Sleepy Hollow is that you can actually go back in time to the 18th century. There are two alternate dimensions in Sleepy Hollow; one is a reality and the other is a fantasy. That means if you look at a photograph from the mid-18th century, you can see the same people that you see in the picture from today.You should also remember that the people of Sleepy Hollow can be very superstitious. One of the first legends in the town states that a witch named Molly dreamed about a horse-drawn carriage. As she looked inside the carriage, she was revealed to be none other than the spirit of Mabel Pines, the previous owner of the carriage.You should also keep in mind that the famous Red Coats of the Army became the Nightmares in the town of Sleepy Hollow. They were said to scare the children and scare away evil spirits. While it may seem ridiculous that children would fear the Army, it really did happen.Finally, one of the most popular subj ects in the town of Sleepy Hollow is its history as a very busy town. In fact, there were quite a few people who moved to Sleepy Hollow in the 1800s because it was the business center of New England.Keep in mind that the history of Sleepy Hollow is the backbone of the essay topics you will be writing. The legends and myths of the town are sure to have some interesting subjects and many interesting tales that might be related to the history of the town. All in all, if you want to write a very interesting essay that will be worth your time, then this is the right choice for you.

Testing and Applications of Composite Materials - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1293 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/03/18 Category Analytics Essay Level High school Tags: Characterization Essay Did you like this example? Youngs modulus is an important giveaway of the materials capabilities to withstand changes in the length of its specimen when a stress is applied along its length, whether it is compression or elongation. This valuable information is crucial in making decisions about which composite material is suitable for what application. Therefore, the combination of DIC and FEA methods analysis is a great approach if one wants to obtain a stress-strain curves that include fracture strain in a composite material, which makes the determination of Youngs modulus very easy.[4] Tensile testing proves to be one of the most successful traditional methods of testing for composites strength and its corresponding characteristics. However, not every composite material can be tested equally and under the same experiment setup. Namely, the type of reinforcement of a composite material plays a great role in this determination. If one recalls that there are continuous and discontinuous fibers used for reinforcement, it is important to remember that when the continuous fibers are used, the material obtains unidirectional properties, meaning that the properties of the material are specifically oriented to one location. Different properties are obtained after applying loads in different directions; along, across and normal to the direction of the fibers. Because of these characteristics, unidirectional composites are challenging to test under tensile testing. Namely, the traditional clamps for tensile testing used to hold the specimen in place may induce unwanted stress es at the clamped specimen areas, which will disrupt the experiment results and accuracy of the further results analysis. This paper proposes several ideas on how to improve the existing setup for tensile stress testing. One recommendation is to use a thin specimen for testing in order to reduce the stress concentration across the depth of the specimen, reducing numerically any unwanted induced stresses. However, it is important for the specimen to still retain the original material properties, meaning that one needs to carefully choose the minimum depth that one wishes to test. This approach requires more details and information about the tested composite, specifically the minimum thickness of the specimen that can successfully represent the materials properties. Another recommendation is to use longer clamps in order to have uniform stress distribution over a bigger part of the specimen area, meaning that the stress concentration will not be contained only in a small outside area of the specimen. This approach is somewhat limiting as it will leave a very small specimen area that can be actually tested. Lastly, this paper indicates that American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has suggested a different approach as a solution to this issue. ASTM suggestion is that if the clamps used for tensile testing are made of the same material as the composite, the induced stresses will be minimized. This approach has proven to be successful in several experiments, but it can be limiting to experiments where the specimen composite is relatively weak and not well bonded or reinforced. For most common applications, such as high-performance applications, this would not be the case, so the approach will be valid. [5] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Testing and Applications of Composite Materials" essay for you Create order After reviewing several existing testing methods, this paper suggested a new method for testing the composite materials for their strength characteristics. Namely, this experiment will test the composite under fatigue and static loadings. The main concept behind this experiment is to keep the end-to-shear load ratio constant along with the load translation. This is possible by using a specific mechanism that is able of controlling a gripping pressure of the loaded specimen. The main idea behind this experiment setup was a great success of a similar experiment used for static loading; now, a similar but significantly updated setup will be used for fatigue load testing. The clamps and several other fixtures that are used to secure the specimen in place were updated and advanced so that the experiment results are not influenced by a specimen slipping from the frame or by having clamps slide over the specimen surface. This modification from previous tests allows for accurate results of t he fatigue strength. By keeping the end-to-shear ratio constant, the test can be repeated for several trials (or cycles) in order to yield different fatigue strengths that will help in creating a strength model specific for the composite material in question. Fatigue strength, also known as endurance limit, is a value of the stress that a material specimen can endure for several trials (or cycles) without breaking apart. By performing a specified number cycles of testing with different strength values, one can expect to have the specimen fall apart, as the strength and hardness of the composite material will decrease with the increase of cycles. Obtaining the highest possible stress values that a material can withstand for a specific amount of time is a very valuable and important piece of information to know when making decisions about which composite material to attribute to a given application. If the application for which the material is intended requires a strong material that can withstand many stresses applied over time (for example, bolts of the lawn mower must have high endurance because of the constant vibrations coming from the mower), choosing a strong material is crucial. However, applications that do not require extremely strong materials used can be performed with a lower-cost composites that will satisfy the required performance and be cost-effective at the same time. The above described method is, therefore, very useful in the analysis and categorization of the composite materials for various applications. Such experimental setup yields accurate fatigue strength results, which greatly help in making cost-effective decisions. [6] Several testing methods for composites have been explored and presented, but if one thinks in terms of applying them to every kind of composite available, a question arises: all of these methods mainly rely on applying force to the specimen, so how can a brittle composite specimen be properly tested? Many of the current methods do not allow or may not be suitable for low force applications and testing, so some new methods must have been introduced. One of them is a Modified Short Beam Shear specimen, also known as MSBS. This specimen is used to suitably test brittle specimens for their interfacial or attachment strength. This specimen is made as a sandwich of two reasonably thick aluminum plates and the brittle composite that is supposed to be tested is laying between them. This setup allows for safe and accurate measurement of the strength of the composite material in question. One of the most brittle composites are made of thermosetting vinylester resin that is reinforced with carb on tubes (multi-walled), also known as MWCNT. This sandwiched configuration allows for this brittle composite to be properly tested and explored for its strength characteristics. However, this setup does not produce a pure shear stress state in the composite, but the result is still applicable since the characteristics of this type of composite can be altered with chemical additions and changes. The whole experimental setup post-analysis is performed by using a finite element analysis method. This allows for the experimental results to create a suitable model that can be applied throughout different scenarios where this composite is being used. The failure mode is also a combination of normal and shear stresses, which is a typical testing result for very brittle composites like this one. Overall, this setup provides for a safe and experimentally successful environment in order to test composite materials for their strength properties even if they are categorized as highly brittle co mposite materials. Although this test specifically refers to thermosetting vinylester resin that is being reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), considering the success of this experimental method, it is worth exploring if it will be applicable to other composite materials of the same or even higher level of brittleness.[7]

Single Sex Education Is Beneficial For Females Than Males...

â€Å"Boy free school zone.† â€Å"No makeup Monday- Friday, 8:00 am -3:25 pm.† Both of these are phrases on posters made by the students at the high school I attended. They seem rather petty until it is known that I attend Academy of the Holy Names, which is an all-girls’ high school. Before high school, I attended multiple co-ed schools so switching to single-sex education was rather different for me. Four years at Academy of the Holy Names prepared me to be successful in my future endeavors and also to be confident in who I am. Although research shows that single-sex education is beneficial for both sexes, it indicates that single-sex education is more advantageous for females than males. Research and statistics explain that there is a male dominance in co-education schools, and that single-sex education provides girls a better environment to learn and allows them to build confidence in their studies. Speaking from personal experience switching from co-ed to single-sex education was similar to a burden that I was not aware of being taken off my shoulders. In the co-ed environment, I was always afraid of being teased for being a â€Å"know-it-all† or for actually liking math and science or better known as the â€Å"boy subjects†. I remember being in class and always thinking to myself â€Å"What are the boys gonna think if I get the question wrong?† or â€Å"What if I get it right? Will they make fun of me?† There was always the constant pressure to fit in. When I made the switch the single-sexShow MoreRelatedSingle Sex Schools : Primary Schools946 Words   |  4 PagesSingle-sex schools, specifically primary schools, are more beneficial to students because they facilitate higher test scores, superior academic outcomes, and greater engagement in school activities. Parents and educators have debated since the early nineteenth century whether to educate s tudents in single-sex or co-ed schools. Currents studies have shown that single-sex schools achieve higher in academic success. Students with higher academic success become adults with a brighter future that canRead MoreSingle Gender Schools Are Better Than Coed Schools1180 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever wondered if single-gender schools are better than coed schools? Each side has advantages, but there are also disadvantages to them. My thoughts on this subject is coed schools aren’t as supportive and beneficial as single-gender schools. I think this for many reasons, including that single-gender schools improve student collaboration, self-improvement by not worrying about being judged by the breaking down of stereotypes, and teachers can use better teaching techniques when teachingRead MoreSingle-Sex Education : Is One Gender Enough?1304 Words   |  6 PagesEnough? Introduction: In 1999, Jefferson Leadership Academies was named the first public middle school in the U.S. to offer an environment fully dedicated to single-gender instruction (Niche). This organization became a milestone for single-sex education and brought attention to the fact that separating genders is beneficial in more ways than one. Our country is known for its prestigious learning system and the endless opportunities provided for its citizens. Immigrants continue to travel from allRead Moresingle sex schools838 Words   |  4 Pages Single-Sex Schools: More Beneficial than a Parent May Think Single-sex education, also known as single-gender education, is the practice of conducting education where male and females students attend separate classes or in separate buildings or schools. It has been a topic of debate especially for parents who have to think about where to send their children to school. There are many reasons and evidence to suggest that single sex schools are more beneficial. They provide studentsRead MoreInfanticide And Single Sex Education1284 Words   |  6 PagesCoeducation and single-sex education are both extensively used around the world. By the 1980s, more and more schools which only severed male or female became coed. Even though, many parents still send their kids to only men school or only women school now days. Then why would some people choose a only men or only women school? Is it against the â€Å"gender equality†? In the early civilizations, education was informally and it was primarily households. As time passed, people began to get educated moreRead MoreSingle Sex Education Is Overall More Effective For Most People1274 Words   |  6 PagesSingle sex education is overall more effective for most people. It helps with multiple aspects of a person s personality. This specific education helps students gain confidence, feel comfortable, and lets students be themselves. It’s no surprise that boys and girls were educated separately in the colonial times (Kennedy). During the 1960s and the 1970s, the number of single sex schools began to decrease. The main reason for this decrease was out of respect for women s rights and equalityRead MoreSingle Sex Schooling And Coeducation882 Words   |  4 PagesSingle-sex schooling and coeducation have been doing through a huge debate throughout the years. Researchers wonder if single-sex education is more useful than coeducation. Single-sex schooling occurred throughout the United States history. Single-sex schooling was prevalent before the 19th century. During the 19th century, more single-sex schools were transforming into coeducational schools. In 1917 coeducation was instructed in the Soviet Union. According to Cornelius Riordan, â€Å"By the end of theRead MoreEducation: Gender and Single-sex School Works1256 Words   |  6 PagesSingle-Sex Schools A time comes in every young teen s life when he or she must decide where to attend high school. As they examine which high school they want to go to, one of the factors they may come across is whether to go to a single-sex school or a co-educational school. While co-ed schools allow students to develop socially, single-sex schools have the advantage in academic success. Single-sex schools provide a conducive learning environment for students, allow teachers to teach accordingRead MoreMale and Female High School Students Should be Educated in Separate Schools 1353 Words   |  6 Pagesrecently on the argument of whether strategy for students at high school should be applied to obtain a successful education system, with a voice calling for providing the appropriate environment of education for both gender-students that assists them to concentrate better on their studies and eliminate all aspects of disruptions. Fulfilling such strategies would improve the quality of education at high schools and raise the range of obtaining high marks. However, should boys and girls be educated separatelyRead MoreCritique of â€Å"with No Boys to Ogle, We Had Time to Learn† by Christine Flowers879 Words   |  4 Pageswe know: single-sex or mixed schools. While mixed schools accept both males and females, single-sex schools accept students of a certain single sex only. Both coed and single-sex schools have pros and cons, which nobody can deny. Some studies, however, have shown that there is no particular benefit to single-sex education. The study of the American Association of University Women (AAUW) in 1998, for example, â€Å"found no evidence to support single-sex education as better than coed education.† (qtd. in

Health Risks Of The United States - 1524 Words

According to the US Department of Health and Human Services unhealthy eating and physical inactivity are the leading causes of death in the United States. Every year, 300,000 to 600,000 deaths result from unhealthy eating and inactivity (CSPI). Health risk behaviors are the main contributors to the nation’s rising premature death rate in the last twenty-five years. Heath related diseases have begun to span across several generations and is no longer limited to adults. The rise in obesity and malnutrition has resulted in children suffering from diseases that were once considered â€Å"adult† diseases. Many children are dying sooner then expected, and this generation of children is projected to â€Å"be the first generation of children who live†¦show more content†¦Conveniences such as telephones, escalators, and remote controls make life easier and less actively involved. These new advancements cause Americans to â€Å" store more calories instead of burning t hem off.† The less calories burned the more susceptible Americans are to weight gain. On average, Americans consume 200 more calories a day than they did year’s prior. The stigma of the sedentary lifestyle is not limited to working. Many sedentary habits develop at ones home. Watching television and playing on the computer have proven to be one of the least engaging metabolic activities. Riding, driving and reading have proven to have higher metabolic rates then watching television or playing a game on the computer. Working and watching television consumes many American’s time (Medical Center). Based on a study done in 2012 the average American under the age of two watches approximately thirty-four hours of live television a week and three to six hours watching taped programs a week (Hinckley). In the end, a small fraction of the day is left to burn calories and raise ones metabolic rate (Medical Center). Americans busy life styles and stress cause them to eat and their bodies suffer the repercussions of their stressors. Though Americans sedentary lifestyles do not support burning calories, controlling calorie intake can reduce Americans chance of

Islamic Banking Profitability

Question: Describe The determinants of Islamic banking profitability? Answer: References Bashir, A., Sajid, M. and Iqbal, S. (2011). Barriers to Islamic Banking Growth- Bank Employees Perspective from Pakistan. AJFA, 3(1). Boehmer, E., Broussard, J. and Kallunki, J. (2002). Using SAS in financial research. Cary, N.C.: SAS Pub. Eljelly, A. (2013). Internal and external determinants of profitability of Islamic banks in Sudan: evidence from panel data. AAJFA, 3(3), p.222. Gheeraert, L. and Weill, L. (2015). Does Islamic banking development favor macroeconomic efficiency? Evidence on the Islamic finance-growth nexus. Economic Modelling, 47, pp.32-39. KhodaeiValahzaghard, M. and Taherinejhad, A. (2012). The impact of working capital and financial structure on profitability of islamic banking industry. MSL, 2(7), pp.2625-2630. Levine, E. (1999). Statement before US House of Representatives, Committee on Banking and Financial Services, Subcommittees on General Oversight and Investigations and Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit, April 15, 1999. Trends in Organized Crime, 4(4), pp.94-96. Loayza, N. and Raddatz, C. (2007). The Structural Determinants of External Vulnerability. The World Bank Economic Review, 21(3), pp.359-387. Mustafa, D. and Razak, N. (2012). Islamic Development Bank, Foreign Aid and Economic Growth in Africa: A Simultaneous Equations Model Approach. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(6). RIEDL, E. and SRINIVASAN, S. (2010). Signaling Firm Performance Through Financial Statement Presentation: An Analysis Using Special Items*. Contemporary Accounting Research, 27(1), pp.289-332. Taghavi, M. and Bakhshayesh, A. (2014). The Effect of Banking Characteristics and Macroeconomic Variables on the Profitability of Domestic and Foreign Banks: Case Study: Islamic Countries. Academic Journal of Research in Economics and Management, 2(3), pp.65-74. Abdul-Rahman, Y. (2010). The art of Islamic banking and finance. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Checkland, P., Scholes, J. (1999). Soft systems methodology in action. Chichester, Eng.: Wiley. Hassan, F., Al-Saci, D. (2004). Jordan. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Hassan, K., Lewis, M. (2007). Handbook of Islamic banking. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Khan, M. (2014). Islamic banking. New Delhi: Discovery Pub. House. Lewis, M., Algaoud, L. (2001). Islamic banking. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Samuels, W., Biddle, J., Emmett, R. (2009). Research in the history of economic thought and methodology. Bingley: Emerald JAI. Sundararajan, V., Kohli, H., Ahmed, J. (2011). Islamic finance. New Delhi: SAGE. Turvey, R. (2004). Consumer price index manual. [Geneva]: [International Labour Office]. Venardos, A. (2005). Islamic banking finance in South-east Asia. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific.

What Caused The Great Depression Essay Example For Students

What Caused The Great Depression Essay Though most Americans are aware of the Great Depression of 1929, whichmay well be the most serious problem facing our free enterprise economicsystem, few know of the many Americans who lost their homes, life savingsand jobs. Americans faced vast problems during the eleven years ofdepressions span. The paper primarily focuses on what life was like forfarmers during the time of the Depression. By the 1930s, thirteen millionworkers lost their jobs, which is 25 percent of all workers. The blacks andunskilled workers were always the first to be fired. Farmers had no money andwerent capable of paying their mortgages. Americans traveled throughout thecountry looking for a place to work to support themselves and their family. Farmers plight during the Great Depression and drought. When the rains failed tocome, the grass began to disappear. As the farmers watched their plants turnbrown and the dirt slowly turn to dust they began to fear what was to come. Inthe water-cut gullies the earth dusted down in dry little streams. We will write a custom essay on What Caused The Great Depression specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As the sharpsun struck day after day, the leaves of the young corn became less stiff anderect; then it was June and the sun shone more fiercely. The brown lines on thecorn leaves widened and moved in on the central ribs. The weeds frayed and edgedback toward their roots. The air was thin and the sky more pale; and every daythe earth paled. The farmers were terrified that the government feed loanswouldnt be available to keep the livestock from dying. In many cases, the RedCross was making allowances for feed to keep live livestock. The small farmersof fruit trees and vegetable plants depended on others who ran canneries tobottle and can their produce. The people they depended upon were the same peoplethat hired scientists to experiment on the fruits and vegetables to come up withbetter tasting and yielding produce. Thus the small farmers were dependent onthese same rich landowners for almost everything. They couldnt harvest theirproduce on their own so they sold it to the rich landowners and thus made verylittle money on their produce. The farmers found themselves in debt caused bythe purchase of land, tools, animals and other items bought on credit. The GreatDepression was the end result of World War I. It affected the rich and pooralike, factory workers and farmers, bankers and stockbrokers. In short, itaffected everyone; no one was left untouched. But of all the people hurt,farmers were the worst off. The Great Depression is known to be the worsteconomic disaster in U. S. history.

Tourism in Antarctica

Tourism in Antarctica Antarctica has become one of the worlds most popular tourist destinations. Since 1969, the average number of visitors to the continent has increased from several hundred to over 34,000 today. All activities in Antarctica are heavily regulated by the Antarctic Treaty for environmental protection purposes and the industry is largely managed by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). History of Tourism in Antarctica The first expedition to Antarctica with travelers was in 1966, led by Swedish explorer Lars Eric Lindblad. Lindblad wanted to give tourists a first-hand experience on the ecological sensitivity of the Antarctic environment, in order to educate them and promote a greater understanding of the continents role in the world. The modern expedition cruise industry was born shortly after, in 1969, when Lindblad built the worlds first expedition ship, the MS Lindblad Explorer, which was specifically designed to transport tourists to Antarctica. In 1977, both Australia and New Zealand started to offer scenic flights to Antarctica through Qantas and Air New Zealand. The flights often flew to the continent without landing and returned to the departure airport. The experience was an average 12 to 14 hours with up to 4 hours flying directly over the continent. The flights from Australia and New Zealand stopped in 1980. It was due in large part to the Air New Zealand Flight 901 accident on November 28, 1979, in which a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 aircraft carrying 237 passengers and 20 crew members collided into Mount Erebus on Ross Island, Antarctica, killing all onboard. Flights to Antarctica did not resume again until 1994. Despite the potential hazards and risks, tourism to Antarctica continued to grow. According to IAATO, 34,354 travelers visited the continent between 2012 and 2013. Americans contributed to the largest share with 10,677 visitors, or 31.1%, followed by Germans (3,830/11.1%), Australians (3,724/10.7%), and the British (3,492/10.2%). The remainder of the visitors were from China, Canada, Switzerland, France, and elsewhere. IAATO The IAATOs original visitor and tour operator guidelines served as the basis in the development of the Antarctic Treaty Recommendation XVIII-1, which includes guidance for Antarctic visitors and for non-government tour organizers. Some of the mandated guidelines include: Do not disturb wildlife either at sea or on landDo not feed or touch animals or photograph in a way that will disturbDo not damage plants or bring invasive speciesDo not damage, destroy, or remove artifacts from historic sites. This includes rocks, bones, fossils, and content of buildingsDo not interfere with scientific equipment, study sites, or field campsDo not walk onto glaciers or large snowfields unless properly trainedDo not litter There are currently over 58 vessels registered with the IAATO. Seventeen of the vessels are categorized as yachts, which can transport up to 12 passengers, 28 are considered category 1 (up to 200 passengers), 7 are category 2 (up to 500), and 6 are cruise ships, capable of housing anywhere from 500 to 3,000 visitors. Tourism in Antarctica Today Most ships depart from South America, particularly Ushuaia in Argentina, Hobart in Australia, and Christchurch or Auckland, New Zealand. The principal destination is the Antarctic Peninsula region, which includes the Falkland Islands and South Georgia. Certain private expeditions may include visits to inland sites, including Mt .Vinson (Antarcticas highest mountain) and the geographic South Pole. An expedition can last anywhere from a few days to several weeks. Yachts and category 1 ships generally land on the continent with a duration lasting approximately 1 - 3 hours. There can be between 1-3 landings per day using inflatable crafts or helicopters to transfer visitors. Category 2 ships typically sail the waters with or without landing and cruise ships carrying more than 500 passengers are no longer operational as of 2009 due to concerns of oil or fuel spills. Most of the activities while on land include visits to operational scientific stations and wildlife sties, hiking, kayaking, mountaineering, camping, and scuba-diving. Excursions are always accompanied by seasoned staff members, which often includes an ornithologist, marine biologist, geologist, naturalist, historian, general biologist, and/or glaciologist. A trip to Antarctica can range anywhere from as little as $3,000-$4,000 to over $40,000, depending on the scope of transportation, housing, and activity needs. The higher end packages typically involve air transport, on-site camping, and a visit to the South Pole. References British Antarctic Survey (2013, September 25). Antarctic Tourism. Retrieved from: antarctica.ac.uk/about_antarctica/tourism/faq.php International Association of Antarctica Tour Operations (2013, September 25). Tourism Overview. Retrieved from: http://iaato.org/tourism-overview

Philosophies of social science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Philosophies of social science - Essay Example The essence of Kuhn’s ideas when it comes to a scientific revolution is a paradigm shift which causes fundamental changes in the way science is approached by the scientists of the time. A scientific revolution as defined by Doppelt (2006) is: â€Å"A large-scale change in the fundamental concepts, theories, or methods that scientists in some area of inquiry employ to understand the course of nature. Such a change is also thought to be revolutionary in so far as it provokes similarly dramatic alterations in the way lay-people see the world around them (Doppelt, 2006, Pg. 3)†. The Cartesian revolution certainly fits the bill in this case since it brought about significant changes in how fundamental concepts were addressed. For instance the approach taken by Descartes to the world around him was unique to the extent that he wanted to see everything as seeing it for the first time. The ideas presented by Descartes can be summed as being in doubt about everything which is not already known to him in a perfect sense. The only thing that he does not doubt is his personal ability to be cognizant of himself and his ability to think about the things which surround him (Pessin, 2007). However, his notion of science begins with a disbelief in the senses which is certainly a paradigm shift from the earlier natural philosophers such as Plato or Aristotle who had firm belief in some value of their senses. Descartes doubts that anything is actually as his senses tell him as they are. Essentially, all that Descartes is surrounded by could be a just dream or created imagery which is forced upon him by some other (more powerful) being while the reality of things could be quite different (Pessin, 2007). The doubts about his senses and the material world as expressed by Descartes go far beyond the simple doubts a person would have about being what day it is or what date it was a week ago. The scientific approach taken

Function of Central Banks as Lender of Last Resort (LOLR) Essay

Function of Central Banks as Lender of Last Resort (LOLR) - Essay Example The crisis saw the fall of stock markets across the world and the collapse of massive financial institutions from some of the richest nations (Dorn 2010). In a bid to salvage the situation, governments, through their central banks as LOLR, came up with rescue packages with an aim of bailing out the countries’ financial systems (Brunnermeier 2009). The crisis resulted from the US sub-prime mortgage market collapse as well as the negation of the real estate boom according to (Brunnermeier 2009). Many experts blame the current economic models for the crisis that affected lives across the globe. Advantages of LOLR During a financial crisis that hit the financial sectors, it is pointed out that many banks tend to become insolvent and sometimes collapse. In order for such a situation not to come into play, the central banks always come in an act as lender of last resort. In this case, it provides funding to increase the liquidity position of these banks. This has helped many banks e scape receivership during a financial crisis (Schinasi, Teixeira and IMF. Finance Dep. 2006 p.11). Grauwe (2011) notes that when a bank is faced with solvency problems, this in most cases can trigger deposit holders of other banks to move out their money/deposits commonly referred to as bank run. It also causes banks to start selling off their assets lowering their prices. When this continues for long, the bank may end up owing more than it can own. To solve the problem, the central bank had to play the role of lender of last resort (LOLR). Being lender of last resort was important in restoring the cascading loss of confidence among the depositors. This is so because when investors know that they are in a position to get their money in the event of a crisis, they do not panic (Posen 2005 p.120). Central banks function as a lender of last resort is important as it acts as buyer of last resort for a country’s bonds. The loss in confidence, in this case, may lead to a liquidity problem in the other markets since there is no buyer of last resort. When this is allowed to continue for long, fears may continue until the liquidity crisis degenerates creating solvency problems. With regard to bonds, fear creates loss of confidence which increases governments interest rates which they are required to pay in order to rollover bonds (Grauwe 2011). The high interest rates may make the country insolvent and the central bank comes in as lender of last resort (Grauwe 2011). When a financial crisis hits the financial sectors of the economy, many agents tend to hold cash for safety reasons. When the central bank comes in and acts as a lender of last resort and provides funding, it stops the deflationary process leading to stabilization of economy (Capie and Wood 2007 p.424-429). Disadvantages and Controversial Function of LOLR One of the main arguments against central bank’s function of being the lender of last resort is that it may lead to inflation (Grauwe 2011) . When the central bank buys out government bonds, it is argued that this increases the money market thereby triggering inflation. The main distinction is seen between the money stock and money base. In situations where the central bank purchases government bonds and other assets, this increases the money base. However, the money stock remains stable. For this reason, it is seen that during periods of financial meltdown, the monetary supply and monetary base become

Evaluation of Maladaptive Behavior Essay Example for Free

Evaluation of Maladaptive Behavior Essay Maladaptive behavior is commonly observed in children who have troubled family lives or low self esteem (Maladaptive Behavior, 2003). In this case, there could be several reasons that the child is exhibiting and engaging in maladaptive behavior related to his environment at home. Using a variety of theories of moral development as well as a question-answer evaluation of the parenting styles of the child’s parents, the maladaptive behavior seen in the child as well as a solution will try to be understood. Different types of maladaptive behavior are attributed to different problems. While most parents simply believe that their child is misbehaving, maladaptive behavior is usually classified in groupings such as attention-seeking or revengeful, behavior inappropriateness (Maladaptive Behavior, 2003). The child being observed exhibits both types of maladaptive behavior, which can most likely be explained by moral development theories and poor parenting. For the behaviors such as repeating swear words, throwing food on the floor, drawing on the walls, and screaming in public, it is most likely a result of a self esteem or attention-seeking issue. The child is trying to get in trouble to get attention from the parents (Maladaptive Behavior, 2003). The child knows these behaviors are bad as Kohlberg states, â€Å"younger school-aged children tend to think either in terms of concrete, unvarying rules†¦or in terms of the rules of society†(Feldman, 2011; p. 311). However, the child also knows that participating in these behaviors will result in attention from the parents. The child is obviously aware that these actions are not societally accepted because it is likely that they have not observed them in their teachers, parents or other powerful authority figures (Feldman, 2011). In this area of maladaptive behavior, it would seem that the parents might have an uninvolved parenting style. To determine if this is true, the parents should be asked questions about their involvement with the child and how concerned they are with aspects of his development other than their role as a provider. The following questions would suffice: Do you believe that your only job is to feed, clothe, and shelter your child? (Feldman, 2011) Is there any child abuse or neglect in the family? (Feldman, 2011) How involved with your child would you say you are on a day-to-day basic, specifically related to disciplining their behavior? (Feldman, 2011) These would all be important to ask because if their answers indicate that they are neglectful, uninvolved in disciplinary as well as other areas of development, or confused on their role as a parent, they may be uninvolved parents. According to the textbook, â€Å"Children whose parents show uninvolved parenting styles are the worst off†¦their parents’ lack of involvement disrupts their emotional development, leading them to feel unloved†(Feldman, 2011; p. 317). This could make them act out in an attempt to get the attention of their indifferent or detached parents. The reasons behind the child’s behavior of hitting other children in daycare and ignoring direct commands from parents may be more along the lines of revengeful maladaptive behavior as it is intentional causation of harm to another student or person (Maladaptive Behavior, 2003). According to Piaget, children in the heteronomous stage, which happens in the early years of childhood, believe in immanent justice, â€Å"the notion that rules that are broken earn immediate punishment†(Feldman, 2011; p. 309). For this child, it is possible that he does not understand that his behavior is unacceptable even if he is mad at another student. This is probably the result of permissive parenting by the parents. The student most likely has never known that his behavior is bad because permissive parents such as his â€Å"provide lax and inconsistent feedback†¦and place little or no limits or control on their childrens behavior† (Feldman, 2011; p.316). To determine if this is true of the parents’ style of discipline the following questions could be asked: Do you expect a lot from your child in the areas of behavior? Would you ever be punitive or clear and consistent in your limits with your child? It they answer that they have few expectations, would rarely limit their children, or are inconsistent with their discipline it is possible that their permissiveness is causing the child to act badly in school and disregard their correction when it is given. Based on the observation of the parenting styles the child sees at home as well as the information from the moral development theories, it is clear that the parents are most likely at fault for their child’s maladaptive behavior. If they want their child to correct his behavior, they should engage in more authoritative parenting as children raised in this parenting style â€Å"fare best†¦are independent, friendly with peers, and cooperative† (Feldman, 2011; p.317). The parent should, as a part of this parenting style, be firm and set clear and consistent limits on their children. Additionally, induction, or discipline paired with explanation, can also be used so the child knows what they did and why it was wrong and can correct it in the future (Lee, 2013). References Feldman, R.S. (2011). Life span development: A topical approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Lee, M. (2013, April 1). Class #28: Prosocial Behavior, Values, and Spirituality. GPSYCH 160: Life Span Human Development – Section 8. Lecture conducted from James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA. Maladaptive Behavior. (2003). Retrieved April 8, 2013, from http://disease.disease.com/Therapy/Behavior/maladaptive-behavior.html

Money Supply and Inflation Essay -- Economy, Macroeconomics

Money Supply plays an important role in macroeconomic analysis, especially in selecting an appropriate monetary and fiscal policy. Considerably, I am yet to come across theoretical work that has been done on this topic (analysis money supply and its impact on other variable i.e. inflation, interest rate, real GDP and nominal GDP). However some other topics similar to this one have been done by AL-SHARKAS, Adel, where he uses the same technique and models on the topic ‘out put response to shocks to interest rate, inflation and stock returns. His work investigates the relationship between the Jordanian output and other macroeconomics variables such as inflation, interest rate and stock returns. His paper employs the VAR approach method of Lee (1992) to analyze the relation and dynamic interaction among variables. The IRF and the FEVD from the VAR model are computed in order to investigate interrelationships within the system. The empirical results indicate that Interest rate and inflation are weakly negatively correlated and real stock returns and inflation is very weakly positively correlated for all leads and lags are negatively associated. Furthermore, the response of output (IPG) to shocks in stock returns (R1) is strongly positive up to the first 6 periods and after which the effect almost dies. This indicates that the relationship between stocks returns (R1) and real activity (IPG) is positive and inflation has a negative impact on IPG (Adel A. Al-Sharkas 2004). MONEY SUPPLY GROWTH AND MACROECONOMIC CONVERGENCE IN ECOWAS by WEST AFRICAN MONETARY AGENCY (WAMA) is a writes up similar to this topic. Where the relationship between money supply major macroeconomic indicator where investigated for countries in West Africa includi... ...mploys the VAR approach method of Lee (1992) to analyze the relation and dynamic interaction among variables. The IRF and the FEVD from the VAR model are computed in order to investigate interrelationships between money supply shocks and inflation the system. the empirical relations based on the VAR test conducted for the period 1990 to 2009 show that, Money supply and inflation are weakly positively correlated, Money supply and interest rates are very weakly and negatively correlated, Money supply and real GDP are strongly positively correlated, Money supply and nominal GDP are very strongly negatively correlated. Furthermore, the response of inflation to shocks in money supply is very weakly positive or has no effect since it is constant through out. This indicates that the relationship between money supply and inflation is not too significant.

How Did the Fascists Come to Power in Italy in 1922

Why did the fascists come to power in Italy in 1922? Fascism came to power in Italy in 1922 due to a number of different factors. The roots of fascism can be found in the failure of a whole political class and system to resist authoritarianism and it was a start of a big mistake made by the Italian government, even though allot of people thought Mussolini forced his way into power, in actual fact he was invited into parliament by an incompetent and underestimating liberal party (Giolitti) who formed a coalition with the fascists party in 1921 ‘the national block'.During the time the fascists came to power there was many post war problems such as political polarization, the melt down of public beliefs in the government, extreme financial problems and great concern of a Russian (Bolshevik) style revolution. One of the most important factors in the rise of fascism was the threat of socialism, which got more and more allusive during 1918-1920, (Bienno Rosso) ‘the two red year s'. In these years the socialists were co-ordinating general strikes in the public sector, street demonstrations, riots and the seizure of factories and land.As the liberal government struggled to keep a lid on the dramatic events occurring daily in post war Italy, the fascist’s party (Fascio di Combattimento) publicised its self as Italy’s saviour thus strengthening the public’s thoughts and views about the fascist's party. Such occasions were when the liberal party organised a general strike for all public workers e. g. police, firemen, bus drivers etc†¦ , and the fascist’s party stepped in and in effect ran the country, they drove the trams and bus's around for the public and literally kept the country running.This move by Mussolini portrayed himself as Italy’s knight in shinning armour changing peoples perspective on the party's future. Many people started to believe that Mussolini and the Squadristi were the only people willing and capabl e of saving Italy from socialism and the Bolshevik rising. It was the rise of the socialist’s party that ultimately gave the fascists a reason to evolve themselves as a strong political party and to gain a foothold in the political system. Another main reason for the rise of fascism was the weak political systems running Italy in the years leading up to the fascists reign.There were no less than 6 liberal coalitions that frequently clashed. It was only a few years before that Italy’s political groups were a small minority that kept itself in power by a tactic called ‘Transformismo' this meant that the government was unreliable and had no solid policies that they followed and incapable of dealing with the country's catastrophic debt's and the anarchy of socialism, ‘Depretis, Crispi, and Giolitti were all very skilled at this. As time went buy and public moral hit an all time low people started to see fascism to be the only way forward for Italy.Another impor tant factor to consider in the rise of fascism is that Italy had just came out of a war that they did not want to be entered into in the first place (ww1), to add to insult Italy missed out on allot of things that they were promised in the peace settlement of 1919. Although Italy had gained most of Istria and Trieste they lost out on African colonies they were promised such as, the African colony of Dalmatia on the Adriatic, and had the Italian speaking town of Fiume given to Yugoslavia.The public was outraged and calling the whole farce a ‘mutilated victory' as Italy was now in a huge financial crisis. The war had cost Italy 600,000 soldiers and the fascists and nationalists were quick to blame the Italian government for their incompetence. These events led to a protest in September 1919, Gabriele d' annunzio led a group of black shirted Arditi to the town of Fiume and held it captive for 15 months. The government’s failure to keep order further weakened their credibil ity and integrity, Mussolini used this to further strengthen him in the public’s eyes.The economic decline of Italy in the post war years influenced the rise of fascism in a number of ways. Italy was on the verge of collapse, industries run down, widespread unemployment and huge inflation which saw taxes sore to an all time high, as well as around 1. 5 million strikers in 1919. In 1920 500,000 workers staged a sit-in in the metallurgical industries. Frightened by what was happening in Russia and the barbaric activities by the socialists many respectable figures in Italian society started to fear a Russian revolution was around the corner.All this tension added to the public’s frustration and made them more open minded about ideas on how to save Italy from national disaster. Bernito Mussolini seen what was happening to the country and being the opportunist that he was played on the public’s dejection and defencelessness, to secure power and fame. An enormous fact or in the rise of fascism is the fascist’s party and its leader Benito Mussolini. in his early days Benito Mussolini was a through and through left winger, after failing to find satisfaction in his teaching areer Mussolini turned to politics in 1912 becoming the editor of Italy’s leading socialists paper â€Å"Avanti†. Shortly after ww1 though Mussolini changed his tactics completely and switched from left to right when he realised that doing so would be the easiest way to power. Blinkhorn argues that Mussolini’s change of heart was not due to bribery but due to the limitations of the socialist’s militancy and policy's, Mussolini wanted complete revolution unlike most of his socialist colleagues. istorian Stephen lee said, ‘above all else Mussolini was an opportunist and his real strength lay in him having no overall system and no ideological straight-jacket', it was this resilience and pliability that made Mussolini the great force he was. A longside this Mussolini had great oratory skills which he used to engage with the public and portray himself in the way he wanted, this was a great advantage as Mussolini became editor of ‘Il popolo d'italia' which meant he could stir up anything he wanted and the whole of Italy would see it.The brute force and violence that the fascists’ party used was another key element that got them a foothold in the parliamentary system, many party's started to think they could use Mussolini as a pawn and use him to do the dirty work for them. the fascists party had a wide range of followers such as, the unemployed, demobilised soldiers, large land owners, industrialists and middle class people who all saw a use for the fascists party and started to finance their campaign, which gave then the edge over their rivals. his new excitement and hospitality by the ‘Facio de Cmbattimento' saw the numbers of fascists followers increase to around 250,000 by 1922, were as the union memb erships and strikes started to decline due to the frequent sacking and burning down of socialist buildings and beatings being handed out to socialist followers. Another big importance to the rise of fascism is the mistakes that Mussolini’s opponents made. It was Giolitti, the leader of the liberal party, that thought he could tame Mussolini and invited him to join forces and make a coalition.Giolitti thought he could manipulate Mussolini when he pleaded and keep him under control, but it was Mussolini that was doing the manipulating. once he made a coalition with the liberal party he gained 35 seats in parliament, it was this turning point that brought the start of Mussolini’s reign of terror. the 35 seats that he had gained got the wheel rolling for Mussolini and now that he had succeeded in getting a foothold in the parliamentary system people had gained respect for the fascists party and seen them in another light. ven the Vatican, journalists, the agrari(large land owners) and industrialists were following suit. The big mistake that the socialists made was organising a general strike to combat the fascists campaign but unfortunately this backfired immensely playing into the hands of Mussolini when the government gave him the role Italy’s saviour and within 24 hours the strike had been crushed and Mussolini portrayed as the hero. probably the biggest mistake was made was by the king, after the fascists planned a march on Rome to seize victory by gaining strategic points in cities.Mussolini appointed the Quadrumvirate (committee of four generals) to co-ordinate the march on Rome, and hoped that force would not be needed and the threat of it would be enough to keep order in his favour and bring him to power peacefully. no more than 30,000 poorly armed fascists were available for the march on Rome, and as they were collecting in the provinces the Prime Minister at the time, Facta, requested that the king declare martial law to allow the arm y to prepare themselves and be ready for the marchers. The king agreed to do so, but when Facta went to the palace to get the signature he needed the king refused to sign it. ome people say that the king changed his mind because he thought he would be replaced by his cousin (the Duke of Aosta), others say that it was because he was not convinced of the loyalty of the army and that he feared civil law, or that he underestimated the fascists support. for whatever reason the king changed his mind, his decision to do so gave the liberal party of Facta no choice but to resign. these mistakes made by his opponents made Mussolinis path to power easier than it should have been and on the 29th of October 1922 he received a phone call from the king offering him the premiership.To summarise the events leading up to the fascists time in power it must be underlined that these events could only have took place in this time of despare and needines, and could only have been undertaken by an opportu nist like Bernito Mussolini. Dennis mack smith said â€Å" fascism was not a system of immutable beliefs but a path to political power† He seen what needed to be done and got it done, even if it meant going against his own beliefs, he plagued the vulnerable and needy to succeed in his own goals.

The Sewing Machine and the Textile Revolution

Before the invention of the sewing machine, most sewing was done by individuals in their homes. However, many people offered services as tailors or seamstresses in small shops where wages were very low. Thomas Hoods ballad The Song of the Shirt, published in 1843, depicts the hardships of the English seamstress: With fingers weary and worn, With eyelids heavy and red, A woman sat in unwomanly rags, Plying her needle and thread. Elias Howe In Cambridge, Massachusetts, one inventor was struggling to put into metal an idea to lighten the toil of those who lived by the needle. Elias Howe was born in Massachusett in 1819. His father was an unsuccessful farmer, who also had some small mills, but seems to have succeeded in nothing he undertook. Howe led the typical life of a New England country boy, going to school in winter and working about the farm until the age of sixteen, handling tools every day. Hearing of the high wages and interesting work in Lowell, a growing town on the Merrimac River, he went there in 1835 and found employment; but two years later, he left Lowell and went to work in a machine shop in Cambridge. Elias Howe then moved to Boston, and worked in the machine shop of Ari Davis, an eccentric maker and repairer of fine machinery. This is where Elias Howe, as a young mechanic, first heard of sewing machines and began to puzzle over the problem. First Sewing Machines Before Elias Howes time, many inventors had attempted to make sewing machines and some had just fallen short of success. Thomas Saint, an Englishman, had patented one fifty years earlier. About this very time, a Frenchman named Thimonnier was working eighty sewing machines to make army uniforms, when the tailors of Paris, fearing that the bread was to be taken from them, broke into his workroom and destroyed the machines. Thimonnier tried again, but his machine never came into general use. Several patents had been issued on sewing machines in the United States, but without any practical result. An inventor named Walter Hunt had discovered the principle of the lock-stitch and had built a machine, but he abandoned his invention just as success was in sight, believing it would cause unemployment. Elias Howe probaly knew nothing of any of these inventors. There is no evidence that he had ever seen the work of another. Elias Howe Begins Inventing The idea of a mechanical sewing machine obsessed Elias Howe. However, Howe was married and had children, and his wages were only nine dollars a week. Howe found support from an old schoolmate, George Fisher, who agreed to support Howes family and furnish him with five hundred dollars for materials and tools. The attic in Fishers house in Cambridge was converted into a workroom for Howe. Howes first efforts were failures, until the idea of the lock stitch came to him. Previously all sewing machines (except Walter Hunts) had used the chain stitch, which wasted thread and easily unraveled. The two threads of the lock stitch cross, and the lines of stitches show the same on both sides. The chain stitch is a crochet or knitting stitch, while the lock stitch is a weaving stitch. Elias Howe had been working at night and was on his way home, gloomy and despondent, when this idea dawned on his mind, probably rising out of his experience in the cotton mill. The shuttle would be driven back and forth as in a loom, as he had seen it thousands of times, and passed through a loop of thread which the curved needle would throw out on the other side of the cloth. The cloth would be fastened to the machine vertically by pins. A curved arm would ply the needle with the motion of a pick-axe. A handle attached to the fly-wheel would furnish the power. Commercial Failure Elias Howe made a machine which, crude as it was, sewed more rapidly than five of the swiftest needle workers. But his machine was too expensive, it could sew only a straight seam, and it easily got out of order. The needle workers were opposed, as they have generally been, to any sort of labor-saving machinery that might cost them their jobs, and there was no clothing manufacturer willing to buy even one machine at the price Howe asked—three hundred dollars. Elias Howes 1846 Patent Elias Howes second sewing machine design was an improvement on his first. It was more compact and ran more smoothly. George Fisher took Elias Howe and his prototype to the patent office in Washington, paying all the expenses, and a patent was issued to the inventor in September 1846. The second machine also failed to find buyers. George Fisher had invested about two thousand dollars, and he could not, or would not, invest more. Elias Howe returned temporarily to his fathers farm to wait for better times. Meanwhile, Elias Howe sent one of his brothers to London with a sewing machine to see if any sales could be found there, and in due time an encouraging report came to the destitute inventor. A corsetmaker named Thomas had paid two hundred and fifty pounds for the English rights and had promised to pay a royalty of three pounds on each machine sold. Moreover, Thomas invited the inventor to London to construct a machine especially for making corsets. Elias Howe went to London and later sent for his family. But after working eight months on small wages, he was as badly off as ever, for, though he had produced the desired machine, he quarrelled with Thomas, and their relations came to an end. An acquaintance, Charles Inglis, advanced Elias Howe a little money while he worked on another model. This enabled Elias Howe to send his family home to America, and then, by selling his last model and pawning his patent rights, he raised enough money to take passage himself in the steerage in 1848, accompanied by Inglis, who came to try his fortune in the United States. Elias Howe landed in New York with a few cents in his pocket and immediately found work. But his wife was dying from the hardships she had suffered due to stark poverty. At her funeral, Elias Howe wore borrowed clothes, for his only suit was the one he wore in the shop. After his wife died, Elias Howes invention came into its own. Other sewing machines were being made and sold and those machines were using the principles covered by Elias Howes patent. Businessman George Bliss a man of means, had bought out George Fishers interest and proceeded to prosecute  the patent infringers. Meanwhile Elias Howe went on making machines. He produced 14 in New York during the 1850s and never lost an opportunity to show the merits of the invention, which was being advertised and brought to notice by the activities of some of the infringers, particularly by Isaac Singer, the best businessman of them all. Isaac Singer had joined forces with  Walter Hunt. Hunt had tried to patent the machine which he had abandoned nearly twenty years before. The suits dragged on until 1854, when the case was decisively settled in Elias Howes favor. His patent was declared basic, and all the makers of sewing machines must pay him a royalty of 25 dollars on every machine. So Elias Howe woke one morning to find himself enjoying a large income, which in time rose as high as four thousand dollars a week, and he died in 1867 a rich man. Improvements to the Sewing Machine Though the basic nature of Elias Howes patent was recognized, his sewing machine was only a rough beginning. Improvements followed, one after another, until the sewing machine bore little resemblance to Elias Howes original. John Bachelder introduced the horizontal table upon which to lay the work. Through an opening in the table, tiny spikes in an endless belt projected and pushed the work forward continuously. Allan B. Wilson devised a rotary hook carrying a bobbin to do the work of the shuttle. He also invented the small serrated bar which pops up through the table near the needle, moves forward a tiny space (carrying the cloth with it), drops down just below the upper surface of the table, and returns to its starting point—repeating over and over again this series of motions. This simple device brought its owner a fortune. Isaac Singer, destined to be the dominant figure of the industry, patented in 1851 a machine stronger than any of the others and with several valuable features, notably the vertical presser foot held down by a spring. Singer was the first to adopt the treadle, leaving both hands of the operator free to manage the work. His machine was good, but, rather than its surpassing merits, it was his wonderful business ability that made the name of Singer a household word. Competion Among Sewing Machine Manufacturers By 1856 there were several manufacturers in the field threatening war on each other. All men were paying tribute to Elias Howe, for his patent was basic, and all could join in fighting him. But there were several other devices almost equally fundamental, and even if Howes patents had been declared void, it is probable that his competitors would have fought quite as fiercely among themselves. At the suggestion of George Gifford, a New York attorney, the leading inventors and manufacturers agreed to pool their inventions and to establish a fixed license fee for the use of each. This combination was composed of Elias Howe, Wheeler and Wilson, Grover and Baker, and Isaac Singer, and dominated the field until after 1877, when the majority of the basic patents expired. The members manufactured sewing machines and sold them in America and Europe. Isaac Singer introduced the installment plan of sale, to bring the machine within reach of the poor. The sewing machine agent, with a machine or two on his wagon, drove through every small town and country district, demonstrating and selling. Meanwhile, the price of the machines steadily fell, until it seemed that Isaac Singers slogan, A machine in every home! was in a fair way to be realized, had not another development of the sewing machine intervened.