A Profile of Greek Mathematician Eratosthenes

A Profile of Greek Mathematician Eratosthenes Eratosthenes (c.276-194 B.C.), a mathematician, is known for his mathematical calculations and geometry. Eratosthenes was called Beta (the second letter of the Greek alphabet) because he was never first, but he is more famous than his Alpha teachers because his discoveries are still used today. Chief among these are the calculation of the circumference of the earth (note: the Greeks did know the earth was spherical) and the development of a mathematical sieve named after him. He made a calendar with leap years, a 675-star catalog, and maps. He recognized the Niles source was a lake, and that rains in the lake region caused the Nile to flood. Eratosthenes - Life and Career Facts Eratosthenes was the third librarian at the famous Library of Alexandria. He studied under the Stoic philosopher Zeno, Ariston, Lysanias, and the poet-philosopher Callimachus. Eratosthenes wrote a Geographica based on his calculations of the circumference of the earth. Eratosthenes is reported to have starved himself to death at Alexandria in 194 B.C. Writing of Eratosthenes Much of what Eratosthenes wrote is now lost, including a geometrical treatise, On Means, and one on the mathematics behind Platos philosophy, Platonicus. He also wrote the fundamentals of astronomy in a poem called Hermes. His most famous calculation, in the now lost treatise On the Measurement of the Earth, explains how he compared the shadow of the sun at Summer Solstice noon in two places, Alexandria and Syene. Eratosthenes Calculates the Circumference of the Earth By comparing the shadow of the sun at Summer Solstice noon at Alexandria and Syene, and knowing the distance between the two, Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth.The sun shone directly into a well at Syene at noon. At Alexandria, the angle of inclination of the sun was about 7 degrees. With this information, and knowing that Syene was 787 km due south of Alexandrian  Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth to be 250,000 stadia (about 24,662 miles).

How to Reverse-Outline Your First Draft

How to Reverse-Outline Your First Draft How to Reverse-Outline Your First Draft How to Reverse-Outline Your First Draft By Mark Nichol You know that producing an outline is an effective strategy for helping you organize your writing. Whether the content is a novel, an interview, a review, or any other form of prose, preceding the actual writing with some sort of framework a hierarchical vertical list, a bullet list, an interconnected web of words or phrases provides a structural scheme. But have you ever used a reverse outline? A reverse outline is an evaluative tool you create after you’ve written the content. Although any kind of outline is suitable for this task, for your first reverse outline, use the traditional roman numeral/roman alphabet structure. If you’re reverse-outlining a novel or an essay of more than a few pages, start with a single chapter or a section so you don’t overwhelm yourself. Number each paragraph. On a separate sheet of paper, or in a new online file, list the main point (I), followed by the ancillary points (A, B, C). Rinse and repeat, on or in a single document, for each paragraph. Once you’ve completed the outline, review it and determine whether a paragraph is weighed down by more than one point, whether the points you’ve identified are the ones you want to emphasize, and whether any points are superfluous or misplaced. In addition, consider whether the outline’s organization, and by extension the chapter or article’s organization, reflect your intentions. If not, decide whether you need to revise your intent or the output. (Hint: It’s much easier to adapt a topic or a thesis statement to a piece of writing than the reverse.) Reverse outlining helps you reorganize not only paragraphs but also the entire work. On a paragraph level, determine whether you need to combine, divide, insert, delete, or move. For the work as a whole, revise as necessary to build an argument or carry a narrative. Repeat the process as necessary for a longer piece and if, for example, an extensive article has five sections that you’ve reverse-outlined in as many steps, reverse-outline the whole article as well. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Legs, Feet, and ToesComma Before ButHow Many Sentences in a Paragraph?

Human Nature and Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Nature and Psychology - Essay Example Naturally, human beings are ever considered as the source of norm of conduct or the creatures that define their ways of life and resenting constrains and obstacles of leading or living a virtuous life. Human nature has been evolving since time in memorial. Each historic era is usually defined by distinct characteristic of human nature as well as the psychological concepts. However, since the human generation moves from one era to another, they tend to shade off some defining human characteristic of a given era while moving to other era. Nonetheless, some of the characteristics are carried into the new era. Therefore, the nineteenth century and twentieth century are defined by some similarity and differences in the conceptions of human nature and psychology. Similarities and Differences The end of the nineteenth century was marked with numerous developments that led to rejection of Victorian principles. The Victorian age was marked by shift an agricultural society to an industrial soc iety. The period was as well defined by the decline in traditional religious beliefs and adoption of moral aesthetic. However, they retained the literature values maintaining that the literature would enable them understand and perfectly adapt to the newly founded society (Jeeves, 2006). It means both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries had same literature but remarkable, different economic activities and religious beliefs (Gopal, 2008). Some novelists defined the subsequent change in a society that marked the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century as a breaking down social structure. They intensively talked about social mares and expressed their topic on realism. According to Darwin, human is an animal creature that is conditioned by influences that are beyond his or her control; thus, human being is devoid of free, moral choice or will. In other words, human is a creature that usually shaped by external factors such as environment, hereditary, and immedia te circumstances pressure. Considering Darwin’s view, though there was a change in both industrial and social life of human nature they both shared some characteristics (Stevenson, 2007). Putting Lewontin work in perspective, as a population geneticist of the nineteenth century, he argued that human species are highly varied in their genes than within racial population. He further noted that racial identity features that include hair, color of the eye, and skin color are more aligned to adaptation that is clearly defined by geographical conditions among other factors (Gopal, 2008). This nineteenth century psychological reasoning overlaid the basic genetics of commonality among the human species. In relation to genetics and human commonality, the psychologists of the twentieth century did not argue much but rather used more sophisticated machine to examine and understand human genes. The contributions of Lewontin limited the applicability of Jensen’s IQ testing between different races. Jansen used conversational racial groups to compare the IQ scores to come to the proof of genetic difference between racial groups (Jeeves, 2006). However, Lewontin dismissed the claims that the consistent difference in genetics lies in the differences in the brain within races. He added that if Jensen could not provide any further evidence, then IQ also was also influenced different physical environment or social.

Museums and the Advantage of the Product Differentiation Research Paper

Museums and the Advantage of the Product Differentiation - Research Paper Example â€Å"The British Museum Company Limited was founded in 1973 by the Trustees of the British Museum to advance the educational aims of the Museum. The Company currently engages in a number of activities, including wholesale and retail, publishing, the production of replicas and other merchandise, and licensing. The Museum has expanded its retailing division over the last few years, with the opening of the Great Court at the centre of the Museum offering further opportunities for trading. Having the best-designed shops the company offers several products for the customers from the books Specializing in ancient history, archaeology, art history and ethnography to pocket money priced items. The Company stocks many materials suitable for use in National Curriculum project work. These also include guidebooks to the Museum, postcards, T-shirts, stationery, camera film, stamps, jewellery and inexpensive gifts and the Museum's exclusive collection of replica sculpture, jewellery and fine sil k textiles. The British Museum has a long history of publishing, dating back to the mid 18th century, with the first recorded publication of catalogues to the early collections in 1749. The British Museum Press was founded in 1973 and is the world's leading museum publisher. Around 60 books are published each year in the broad subjects of history, archaeology, ethnography, fine and decorative arts and numismatics for scholars, children and the layman. For a number of years, the Company has been producing replicas and gifts based on objects in the collections of the Museum.

Media studies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Media studies - Assignment Example However, with the current wave of commercialization, the media use the power they have over the audience to commercialize their services. Personally, I believe commercialization is harming the society instead of making it better. Commercialization has reached the point where the media are competing for audience by delivering top stories and headlines. It is a matter of who has more details regarding the story. Thus, the objective has shifted from informing the public to winning their loyalty through various persuasive techniques. Additionally, celebrities use media to market themselves and generate profits from the publicity (Seeck and Rantanen 8). As a result, these superstars and indeed journalists would go to all lengths to draw the crowd to their camps even if it means disregarding moral and ethical standards of the society. In addition, the media only focus on stories about celebrities, the rich, disasters, and controversies, which give them more viewership (Seeck and Rantanen 8). In turn, the viewer has become an active consumer rather than a mere passive listener by that completing the cycle of commercialization. Though the audience believes that it is a matter of exposure, the truth is that the media controls what they view and the information they are exposed to. Furthermore, commercialization of the media has created information overload because of several online and offline media elements competing for audience (Lecture Notes slide 4). In conclusion, commercialization has created a distraction in the society by promoting immorality and unethical

Motivation For Drowsiness Detection Information Technology Essay

Motivation For Drowsiness Detection Information Technology Essay Monitoring the drivers action while driving by examining the manoeuvred of the vehicle can be a very prominent task in order to enhance safety while driving. To differentiate between unintentional and intentional car steering wheel inputs, will be the main key element to be discovered, such as a sudden large steering input could indicate the drivers level of alertness. Almost all the statistics have identified driver drowsiness as a high priority vehicle safety issue. Drowsiness has been estimated to be involved in 10-40 per cent of crashes on motorways [5, 6]. Fall-asleep crashes are very serious in terms of injury severity and more likely to occur in sleep-deprived individuals [8]. Drowsiness influences mental alertness, decreasing an individuals capability to handle a vehicle safely and expanding the possibility of a human mistakes that could lead to deaths and injuries. Furthermore, it has been indicated to slow response time, decreases awareness, and impairs judgment. A drowsy driver is unable to predict when he or she will have an uncontrolled sleep onset [9]. There is an increased interest with respect to the design and advancement of computer controlled automotive applications to overcome those problems by enhancing safety to reduce accidents, increase traffic flow, and enhance comfort for drivers. This thesis presented a way to detect drowsiness in driver non intrusively by warning the drivers, preventing accidents and to improve safety on the motorways. This method is employing Support Vector Machine (SVM) to train the classifier by using steering wheel angle, distance to outside lane and acceleration as an input to the SVM. All the parameters extracted from vehicle parameter data collected in a driving simulator. With all the features, a SVM drowsiness detection model is constructed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would also like to extend my appreciation to Mr John Mellor Dr Ping Jiang for his assistance in educating, assisting and helping me on the preparation of this thesis and who has supported the work not just financially but also provided very valuable feedback and guiding ideas for the production of this thesis. Chapter 1 This chapter illustrates a general overview of this research. Background information related to the topic of drowsiness detection and support vector machine along with research objectives are introduced. Related literature is reviewed in this section, linking relevant topics to the research presented here. Finally, an outline of the thesis and a brief description on the contents of each chapter are also presented. Introduction The proposed non intrusive drowsiness warning system uses a integration technique comprise of vision sensor to obtain road information and steering wheel angle data logger. Both parameters are taken from road simulation experiment. The system is composed of three main processes; To obtain the road information by calculating the distance of the outside lanes from vision input and extracting the steering wheel angle data. These data are used for training and testing intentions during the modelling of the SVM. To give a proper warning to the driver to eliminate false alarm. It is most important that a drowsiness warning system guarantee safety and reliance. Therefore the system must reliably as well as estimate the driver vehicle state in order to give proper warning. It must also consider driving habits and intention of the driver to be of practical use. Research Aim Objectives The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the study of driver behaviour while driving, through the development and evaluation of a drowsiness driver model system. Non-intrusive is chosen as a method due to comfort to the drivers. The result from the research will be integrated to produce the systems that can be efficient in detecting the drowsiness level at an early stage by giving a warning to them about their lack of attention due to drowsiness or other factors. In other words, they can correct the behavior or stop driving when they in the drowsiness state. This system will need to be robust against model mismatch and disturbances and comfort constraints. The objective of this research is to identify the current drowsiness detection by investigating flexible methods for studying the relationships between drivers manoeuvre performances whiles the vehicle on the move and the physiological driver drowsiness states. This thesis paper outlines the design and development of a system that focuses on drivers drowsiness detection and prediction through the following methods:-. Monitoring the driver behaviour by observing the vehicle manoeuvre stability and performance. Validate and measure the progress by using Specific algorithm. Updating the current performance by comparing with the last action stored in system database. Warning the drivers if the behaviour beyond the thresholds. To increase the detection and its reliability of the prediction, the methods stated earlier will be used. Here we will employ machine learning methods to classify the data of actual human behaviour during drowsiness. This will be done by studying and evaluating the learning phase identification of a driver driving pattern. After that we will look to evaluate the parameters comprehensively. In the detection phase on-line model adaptive identification; model error classification; drowsiness alert model will be studied. By implement a control system mechanism that integrates human and machine for classification of the dynamic model for drowsiness detection using information from various sources for achieving a probabilistic best possible alert. Scope The scope of the thesis is defined as follows: The road manoeuvre will be restricted to simulation environment only. There are no obstacles in the road lane, and thus there is no collision-avoidance aspect to manoeuvre. It is assumed the vehicle will operate with a fix velocity range of 50km/h. Two main parameters will be an indictor for the system detection consists of distance to outside lane and steering wheel angle. Motivation for drowsiness detection. Driver drowsiness is a significant factor in the increasing number of accidents on todays roads and has been extensively accepted [2]. This proof has been verified by many researchers that have demonstrated ties between driver drowsiness and road accidents. Although it is hard to decide the exact number of accidents due to drowsiness, it is much likely to be underestimated. The above statement shows the significance of a research with the objective of reducing the dangers of accidents anticipated to drowsiness. So far, researchers have tried to model the behavior by creating links between drowsiness and certain indications related to the vehicle and to the driver [2,3,4]. Previous approaches to drowsiness detection primarily make pre-assumptions about the relevant behavior, focusing on blink rate, eye closure, and yawning [29,30]. The automobile business also has tried to build several systems to predict driver drowsiness but there are only a few commercial products available today[31]. The systems do not look at driver performance and overlook driver ability and characteristics. Naturally, most people would agree that different people drive differently. The system that being develop able to adapt to the changes of the drivers behaviour. Contributions The contributions of thesis research extend to five areas. The introduction of a fully integrated drowsiness warning system with specific algorithms to detect driver condition. The main contribution of this study is it contributes an algorithm of drowsiness driver detection and tracking which based on incorporation of vision and vehicle performance parameter. The implementation of support vector machine for robust and accurate drowsiness warning system. The input incorporation from vision and data logger provides an efficient method for detecting drowsiness driver under varying mode and road conditions. Consideration of various type of driver with various conditions in order to build the system. Software tool Support Vector Machine In the way classifying things Support Vector Machine is the modern technique in the field of machine learning and has been successfully used in many fields of application. The aim of this thesis is not to give a comprehensive demonstration about the theoretical background but to reveal the fundamental functionality to get an extensive understanding how SVMs work. The thesis also summaries what has to be considered when SVMs are applied, which fields of application exist and what the fields of researches nowadays are. The machine is a learning algorithm for performing classification and regression via a hyperplane in a large virtual feature space. For classification, the SVM is given a set of inputs called the training set, and attempts to automatically determine a hyperplane in feature space that separates these inputs into two classes. The hyperplane allows the machine to make an informed classification on a test vector where the true classification is unknown. Based on the assumption that the test vector and the training set are drawn from the same source, the SVM has predictable bounds on getting the classification of the test vector correct. For regression, the SVM similarly uses training vectors but derives a hyperplane-based function that can estimate a real valued function. One of the things that set SVMs apart from more traditional linear systems is their use of what is known as a kernel function. Kernels functions which allow the SVM to classify features that are nonlinear functions of the training vector attributes. While it performs this classification in a space of very high dimensionality (the feature space), it only requires computation in the smaller dimensional space of the training vectors (attribute space or input space). The other thing that sets SVMs apart is parametrically controlling the capacity of the SVM (its VC Dimension) to avoid underfitting and overfitting. Let take some example what if you do if you have given a collection of oranges and apples, and you being asked to differentiate between the two types of fruit? Within a second, everyone can immediately separate them based on how they look and feel. Although this problem of differentiating orange and apples does not look very complex, automating this process turns out to be fairly complex. What should be the basis for the decision to call an object orange, and another object apple? This problem is called classification in order to assign a new object to one of a set of classes, which are known already. The classifier which should perform this classification operation, is based on a set of example objects. This thesis will not focus on this classification problem though, but on the next problem, the problem of one-class classification. Here an object should be classified as a genuine object (orange or apple), or an outlier object (another type of fruit). The one-class classification problem differs in one essential aspect from the conventional classification problem. In one-class classification it is assumed that only information of one of the classes, the target class, is available. This means that just example objects of the target class can be used and that no information about the other class of outlier objects is present. The boundary between the two classes has to be estimated from data of only the normal, genuine class. The task is to define a boundary around the target class, such that it accepts as much of the target objects as possible, while it minimizes the chance of accepting outlier objects. MATLAB: MATLAB is a matrix-based numerical computing environment and programming language developed by The MathWorks. Simulink was used extensively for modelling, simulating, and analysing the drowsiness detection system. By using the Simulink application such as Hough Transform, Hough Lines and Kalman Filter blocks to create a lane detection and tracking algorithm. Thesis Outline Chapter 2: describes the literature review. Chapter 3: Definitions of variables associated with this particular approach for solving the problem are discussed. Chapter 4: Summarizes the results of this research and presents findings from the parametric study. Chapter 5: Finally, the conclusion of the research and recommendation on future research are provided in Appendix contains the major experiment files used to perform the simulation. Chapter 2.0: Literature Review The initial phase of this thesis was the preparation of a literature review. This review included literature from past research projects, conferences and journals on the drowsiness detection system. A comprehensive search was studied and has been reviewed to identify key studies, reports and researches initiative addressing drowsiness toward driving issues. It is attended to investigate the available knowledge in the field and to distinguish the most encouraging indicators of drowsiness drivers. Most of these methodologies have only been developed in the laboratory or have had a limited application on-road. In the current development of the drowsiness detection system, the possible techniques can be generally divided into the several categories. This category technique includes measures of: The drivers current state, especially relating to the eye and eyelid movements and physiological state changes. Driver performance, with a focus on the vehicles behaviour including lateral position and headway. A combination of the drivers current state and driver performance. We can conclude the methodology can be separated into two sections: Intrusive methods Electroencephalography Some researchers have looked at the use of EEG as a method for detecting drowsiness. Most of these studies have used EEG to verify the existence of drowsiness when other measures are being evaluated rather than as a fatigue-detection measure [12]. For example, a study by [13] demonstrated substantial relationships between an EEG algorithm for detecting fatigue and drowsiness under simulated conditions. The biggest disadvantage associated with EEG as an on-road drowsiness detection device is the difficulty in obtaining recordings under natural driving conditions; making it a slightly unrealistic option for the detection of drowsiness. In summary the transition from wakefulness to sleep can be described as a shift towards slower frequencies in the EEG. The process different between individuals but seems to be consistent within the individual [10, 11]. EEG is widely received as a good indicator of the transition between wakefulness and sleep as well as between the different sleep stages. When a driver gets drowsy a burst of alpha activity can often be seen in the central regions of the brain. An increase in alpha activity is thus the first sign of drowsiness. As the driver gets drowsier, alpha activity is replaced by theta activity. When delta activity occurs in the EEG the driver is no longer awake, this is an indicator of deep sleep [10]. Electrooculography Electrooculography is a method used for measuring the potential difference between the front and back of the eye ball. The EOG can therefore be used for detection of eye movements and blinks. The eye is a dipole with the positive cornea in the front and the negative retina in the back and the potential between cornea and retina lies in the range 0.4 1.0 mV. When the eyes are fixated straight ahead a steady baseline potential is measured by electrodes placed around the eyes. When moving the eyes a change in potential is detected as the poles come closer or farther away from the electrodes. The sign of the change depends on the direction of the movement [10]. EOG is measured by placing electrodes around the eyes. Usually silver-silver chloride electrodes are used as they show negligible drift and develop almost no polarization potentials. The electrodes should be placed as near the eyes as possible to maximize the measured potential. Problems with EOG measurement are artefacts that arise from muscle potentials and small electromagnetic disturbances that can be induced in the cables. To reduce the impedance between skin and electrode, the skin must be cleaned carefully before measurement and electrode paste should be used [10]. When measuring blinks related characteristics, the sampling frequency should be high (at least 500 Hz) as a high resolution is required to measure small differences in for example blink duration. DC recording is preferable, while filtering the low frequency components away makes the detection of long blinks difficult. One problem with DC recording however, is the risk of slow baseline drift, which makes it important to monitor the EOG signal and adjust for the drift during the measurement [14]. Non Intrusive methods PERCLOS PERCLOS (Percent Eye Closure) is a video-based method that measures eye closure. One of the strengths of PERCLOS is that attempts have been made to establish its validity as a fatigue detection device. Satisfactory relationships were obtained between eye closure and lapses in attention, providing some convergent evidence. When a measure correlates with other tests believed to measure the same construct of the systems ability to detect the current state of the driver. Furthermore, PERCLOS showed the clearest relationship with performance on a driving simulator in comparison to a number of other potential drowsiness detection devices including two electroencephalographic (EEG) algorithms, a head tracker device, and two wearable eye-blink monitors. PERCLOS is the most reliable and valid measure of a drivers alertness level between many drowsiness detection measures. According to a study performed by [17], drivers in an automobile simulator exhibit certain characteristics when drowsy, that can be easily observed in eye and facial changes [17]. Alert drivers were reported to have normal facial tone, and fast eye blinks with short ordinary glances. Drowsy drivers were reported to have decreased facial tone and slower eyelid. Gaze Direction Other potentially good fatigue parameters include various parameters that characterize the pupil movement, which relates to the driver gaze and awareness of the happenings in surroundings area. The movement of a persons pupil (gaze) may have the potential to indicate ones intention and mental condition. For example, for a driver, the nominal gaze is frontal. Looking at other directions for an extended period of time may indicate fatigue or inattention. In addition, when people are drowsy, their visual awareness cannot cover a wide enough area, concentrating on one direction. Hence, gaze (deliberate fixation) and saccade eye movement may contain information about the ones level of alertness. Many recent efforts [18, 19] produce a computer vision system that can extract various parameters in real time to characterize an eyelid movement, gaze, head movement, and facial expression. The major benefits of the visual measures are that they can be acquired non-intrusively. Lane Departure Warning Systems (LDWS). LDWS system is used to determine the position of the vehicle on the road. It is used either to warn the driver when the vehicle is on a white line (like rumble strips) or to predict when the driver is in danger of departing from the road, which rumbles strips cannot do [20]. A vehicle lateral position or lane departure situation occurs when the vehicle runs off the road, either on the left or on the right side of the road. This kind of situation is also called Run-Off-Road (ROR) or Single Vehicle Roadway Departure (SVRD). It is defined in [21] as the crashes where the first harmful event is the vehicle leaving the road high way. The simplest system is the rumble strip in which it alerts the driver when he is in a situation of lane departure in order to avoid ROR crashes. Rumble strips are areas of grooved pavement usually situated under the white lines of the road. When the vehicle drifts to the line, its tire hits a rumble strip, which vibrates the vehicle and makes a loud noise, alerting the driver to take a corrective action. This simple system is efficient since it has been shown to reduce the number of run off road crashes by 70% [22] but requires infrastructure modification. Another approach is to use a system inside the vehicle, which detects when the driver is in danger of departing from the road, and trigger an alarm in time for the driver to react. Steering wheel algorithm. Studies indicate that the steering wheel variability increases with the amount of drowsiness [23]. The steering movements also become larger and occur less often, and the lateral position variability increases as the driver gets drowsier. Also, the speed variability increases and the minimum distance to any lead vehicle decreases. The reaction time to any unexpected events also gets longer with increased drowsiness. Different studies have shown that there is a relationship between various steering related variables and the sleepiness of the driver. The steering related variables have the advantage that they are easy to measure since they require no camera or image processing. The drawback is that these variables are dependent upon the road curvature and are therefore mostly reliable on highways. [24] Other literature review has studied drowsiness detection by using steering angle rotation as an input to detect drowsiness by tracking steering angle by using a camera [25]. It tracks the steering wheel angle by using a single camera system put on inside the car. The approach is based on the modelling of the motion of the steering wheel, as it appears perceptively distorted by the point of view of the un-calibrated camera. The system has some disadvantages such as the steering image being block by the drivers head, light beam that confuses the feature detection algorithm and camera setup that not suitable for a portable application in monitoring steering angle analysis. Another drowsiness detection algorithm is based on the steering wheel. This algorithm works with three kinds of functions [26]: Time based functions (weighting functions developed from the time variations of the angle and the angular velocity), Frequency based functions (weighting functions developed from the variations in the power spectrum) Phase based functions (weighting functions developed from the variations in the angle plotted against the angular velocity). This algorithm is interesting because it proposes new detection ideas, such as the use of the phase diagram. The algorithm was tested on a special track with really drowsy drivers and it seemed to work pretty well. However, it has been created using data from drives on straight roads, so it may only work for straight roads, similar to motorways. Head position monitoring rotation. The advantage of computer vision techniques is that they are non-invasive, and thus are more amenable to use by the general public. There are some significant previous studies about drowsiness detection using computer vision techniques. Most of the published research on computer vision approaches to detection of drowsiness has focused on the analysis of blinks and head movements. It has been studied that these drivers exhibits certain physiological patterns that are expected and detectible. The standard head bobbing movement, where the drivers head drops and then rapidly pulls back upward is one of the patterns that is frequently displayed when an individual is becoming drowsy while seated in an upright position. Head movement like nodding or inclination is a good indicator of a drivers drowsiness or the onset of drowsiness [27]. It could also indicate ones attention. Head movement parameters such as head orientation, movement speed, frequency, etc. could potentially indicate ones level of attention. Finally, facial expression may also provide information about ones attention. For example, a typical facial expression that indicates the onset of drowsiness is yawning. Head monitoring tracking is a significant process for many vision-driven interactive user interfaces. The acquired position and orientation allow for pose determination and recognition of simple gestures such as nodding and head shaking. The stabilized image obtained by perspective de-warping of the facial image according to the acquired parameters is ideal for facial expression recognition [28] or face recognition applications. There are several commercial products capable of accurate and reliable 3D head position and orientation estimation. These are either based on magnetic sensors or on special markers placed on the face; both practices causing discomfort and limiting natural motion. Also, commercial systems based on gaze tracking employing infrared illumination do guarantee reliable detection of eye location, at the cost, however of restrictions placed on head position and orientation Head monitoring system developed by Advanced Safety Concepts, Inc. is the non-contact Proximity Array Sensing System (PASS), is an apparatus designed to record the x, y and z coordinates of the head at electronic rates using three electromagnetic fields. Its development is based on research that indicates a relationship between micro-motion of the head and impairment or drowsiness. It is hypothesized by ASC that changes in the X, Y, Z coordinates of the head may be an indicator of drowsiness onset, and that PASS may detect micro-sleeps based on different head movement patterns. Advanced Safety Concepts, Inc. reports that in laboratory tests, the PASS system has detected changes in head position as little as 0.0 l, while providing absolute XYZ resolution of head position to about 0.1. Disadvantages of current system. PERCLOS Disadvantages. PERCLOS stands for Percent Eye Closure. The technical definition is the percent of time a drivers eyes are closed. Sometimes a driver who is trying to stay awake can fall asleep with his eyes open, this is the disadvantage of PERCLOS. Another problem with this system is that the curve for warning is very steep at the end, which means that no warning is given at an early stage, and then the situation is very serious quickly. LDWS Disadvantages. Lane departure warning systems (LDWS) are system that currently being use to detect drowsiness. If the driver is drowsy, sooner or later the vehicle will drift to the side of the road and when it crosses the lane boundaries a warning signal is given to alert the driver. The problem with this system is that the warning signal is given every time the driver crosses the line, it does not take into consideration that the crossing could be intentional. TLC. Disadvantages. A commonly used variable in the warning algorithm of the LDWS is the Time to Line Crossing (TLC). The Time-to-Line Crossing (TLC), is the estimated time it takes for the vehicle to cross the line, which is based on a predicted path of the vehicle and the speed. The major problem with TLC is its computation in real time while driving on the road. Moreover, the computation is different on straight roads and on curve roads. EEG Disadvantages. To measure this signal while driving causes annoyance to the driver, because multiple sensors have to be attached to the driver. This can affect the driver so much that it changes the driving behaviour, which is not good at all in traffic safety research. Eye Detection Systems Disadvantages. The eye detection systems are good but not perfect, when the driver is wearing glasses there might be errors in the detection, which in some systems lead to false warnings. Sunglasses cause problems that almost none of the systems can deal with, which makes the inattention detection almost impossible when the driver is wearing sunglasses. Different ethnical people are another problem, the eyes of Asian people differ from European people, but most manufacturers claim that it should not be a problem. Research Approach Several elements have been taken into a consideration into designing the drowsiness detection system. Some researchers have already followed this route with encouraging results. By using several hypotheses and finding transformations in vehicle and driver behaviour, three based parameters will be tested for potential to predict the vehicle behaviour characteristic. In the investigation the signal will be recorded for a various driver, therefore data recorded each of the driver will were analyzed. It is important to notice that the data, of each individual driver has his own style of driving pattern. Diameter to Lane. As we all known Lane Departure Warning System can determine the position of the vehicle on the road. This position can then be used either to warn the driver when the vehicle is on a white line or to predict when the driver is in danger of departing from the road, [4]. The technique that we plan to use is to measures the distance between the car coordination toward the road lane border. It is a relevant suggestion because LDWS normally triggered when it reaches the lane. By the way it was too late to notice the drivers. Steering wheel angle. Studies indicate that the steering wheel variability increases with the amount of drowsiness [5]. The steering movements also become larger and occur less often, and the lateral position variability increases as the driver gets drowsier. Changes of velocity. More recent research demonstrated that speed variability was higher for sleep-deprived drivers than for control drivers [6].

Discipline and Management Essay

Included in this essay is a comparison between discipline and management also behavior and misbehavior. Beginning the essay is a short definition and a short word picture of discipline, management, behavior and misbehavior. Next is a comparison of how each are different, similar, related. Discipline is described in the Merriam-Webster online dictionary as first being â€Å"punishment† or then further down states it is â€Å"training that corrects, molds, or perfects the mental faculties or moral character. † In our text book, Building Classroom Discipline, C. M. Charles states that discipline in the classroom is â€Å"Teachers’ efforts to maintain classroom decorum and secure student’ cooperation and exercising self-control. † Discipline should not be thought of as punishment but instead a learning road of self-control. Discipline is a person’s ability to conduct appropriately or a short word picture could be[pic]. With in the classroom, management is a written plan of action so that class runs smooth. Webster dictionary describes management as â€Å"conducting or supervising of something†. Management is the process of controlling and discipline is the act once management has failed. Management and discipline are interrelated and work together to for a common plan and a smooth ran class. If there was no [pic] (management) designed the discipline would not work. Webster’s dictionary states that behavior is â€Å"the manner of conducting oneself†. Behavior described in our text book Building Classroom Discipline â€Å"is the totality of one’s physical and mental activities. † Behavior is everything that we do whether good or bad. One word that best describes this is[pic]. Misbehavior is considered as a person’s actions â€Å"that disrupt teaching, interfere with learning, demean others, or otherwise violate the moral codes of society. † (C. M. Charles 2008 p13) In Webster’s dictionary they describe misbehavior as â€Å"a bad manner of conducting one self. † Both of the terms are related however [pic] (misbehavior) is the disruption of behavior as a whole. Behavior is the bigger picture and misbehavior is a smaller unit within behavior. The two are interrelated and you can not have one with out the other. With the appropriate action taken in advance misbehavior could be minimized. There are different types of misbehavior and some are more serious than others but none of the less takes away from instruction. This is why it is very important to have a discipline plan devised. In the above essay is a comparison between discipline and management also behavior and misbehavior. Beginning the essay is a short definition and a short word picture of discipline, management, behavior and misbehavior. Next is a comparison of how each are different, similar, related. To complete this essay is a short description of why it is important to have a discipline plan.

Life of Prophet Mohammad Essay

This paper will discuss the life of prophet Mohamed which will span from his birth to his calling and mission. The kind of persecution he faced from the time of his ordination or revelation to his time of manifestation when he conquered Mecca (makkah), his character in morals and his teachings. What influence he had in the growth of Islam as a religion. Introduction Prophet Mohammad was born in 570 CE in a place known as Mecca (makkah). His fathers name was Abdullah who died in a place known as Medinah weeks before Mohammad was born. His mother also died when he was six years old while travelling from Medinah in a place called Abwa. This forced Mohammad to be raised by his paternal grand father whose name was Abd al Muttalib for a period of around two years, after which his grandfather died. By this time he was aged eight years old, his uncle Abu Talib took care of him hence forth. His grandfathers mother (his great grand mother) who went by the name of Salma was a native of Medinah, she raised and brought up the grand father to Mohammad in Medinah before his uncle Muttalib decided to bring him to Mecca. The uncle to his grandfather had for years established himself as an Arab leader in Mekkah hence the need to groom Mohammad grandfather as a successor. He was a leader of the Arab people and had the role of taking care of the holy sanctuary ‘ka’bah, Mecca was a city that joined other big trading countries like Syria, Yemen and Egypt. Thus Mohammad can be said to come from an established family of leaders and traders. His lineage though can be traced from the descendants of prophet Ismail through his son second Kedar. (Armstrong 1992). Adult Life Under the guide of his uncle Abu Talib, Mohammad became a trader and earned his living from business activities by the time he was twelve years old he had started cruising the east for merchant caravan trips with his uncle, Mohammad acquired a good reputation known of his good character and trust worthiness in his business. (Ali 1997). Through his good reputation he was able to get the attention of a rich merchant widow by the name of Khadijah, who contracted him to transport her consignment to Syria. At the age of twenty five Mohammad got married to Khadijah, khadijah was older by fifteen years and had been widowed twice. Through their marriage they were able to get six children, four daughters and two sons. Unfortunately his son Qasim died at the age of two years his nick name was Abul Qasim whose meaning is the father of Qasim, his second son died in infancy he was named Abdullah his nick name was Tayyab this was because he was born after Mohammad’s prophet hood. His four daughters were named as Zainab, Raqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and Fatimah. By the time Mohammad received his revelation of becoming a prophet the holy shrines at ka’bah the holy sanctuary was filled with a hundred and sixty idols, the ultimate message from prophet Ibrahim was corrupt and lost this was done through beliefs in superstations’ and traditions of pilgrims from distant lands. Although this did not affect ardent followers of prophet Ibrahim’s and Ismail’s teaching whom through each generation they segregated themselves in the hills in pursuance of their true religion. (Ali 1997). The Revelation Mohammad was one of them and at the age of forty during his many retreats to segregated place of worship at Mount Hira during the Ramadan period he received his first revelation from angel Jibril (Gabriel). He was instructed to read by the angel but since he had no formal education background he replied and said he couldn’t read this prompted angel Jibril to embrace him and after releasing him Mohammad still couldn’t read. This process of embracing was repeated thrice after which the angel commanded him through Allah’s might to recite through the name of the lord who created man from that which clings, the lord who taught man what he knew not. After this experience Mohammad was petrified and fled from the mountains. When he reached home he asked his wife to cover him from the world using a blanket, this was due to fear. According to the Quran this revelations started in the year 610 CE they are found in Surah in the first five verses. (Armstrong 1992). After awhile Mohammad became abated and was able to discuss his cause of being frightened to his wife Khadijah, she counseled him by telling him not to be afraid because he was a kind man to his relatives, orphans, he was truthful, thus Allah would not leave him, and he would stand by him. His wife khadijah, then sought the wisdom of her cousin Waraqa who was old and wise having ability to translate the holy scriptures and revelations. Waraqa confirmed that Mohammad was the expected prophet as according to the scriptures and he ascertained that the angel who had visited Mohammad was the same one who had visited Moses that is angel Jibril. Khadijah his wife was the first person to accept Islam thus she became the supporting pillar to Mohammad his husband and prophet, this she did earnestly especially during the three year period that the prophets clan of pagan Quarish boycotted the religion. Unfortunately khadijah died at an advanced age of sixty five during the period of Ramadan soon after the boycott was lifted in the year 620 CE. (Ali 1997). Angel Jibril continued to visit Mohamed revealing the will of Allah; this was done through signs which are referred as verses. These revelations came inform of verses at times as chapters and at times they came as nonbelievers questioned him on his beliefs. These revelations were then recorded on available materials the believers were then asked to recite and memorize the teachings. The recording and arrangement of verses took a period of twenty three years. Although the holy book is not recorded in the words of the prophet since they come from the first persona who is Allah. Angel Gabriel guided him and taught him strategies on how to go about the completion of the prophetic mission. Prophets Mohammad own sentiments are recorded separately in a collection known as the Hadith. His Mission His main mission as a prophet was that of restoration, of worship of one true God Allah, who is the creator and sustainer of the universe, he mandated his teachings to be continuation of other prophets such as Moses, he was also delegated the responsibility of ensuring the human race practiced good ethics, morals, legal and social conduct according to gods will. Other ardent followers to his teachings were his cousins Ali, his servant Zayd Ibn Harinth his friend Abu Bakr and his wife and daughters. They accepted Islam by testifying tat there is no deity except Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. (Armstrong 1992). In the first three years of his mission he was able to convert forty people into professing Islam this was no easy task as he was being tortured by the Quarish people in mekkah, his uncle Abu Lahab and his wife were among those people who resisted him and many Quarish leaders advised his uncle to stop his nephew from his mission by offering him kingship but Mohammad was not perturbed. This made the Quarish to start persecuting Muslims by beating and torturing them, this was done through boycotts targeting their businesses; those who were either weak or poor were tortured publically with no mercy. The prophet was publically denounced and humiliated this was done through at times being hauled with filth while he was praying in the streets. All that kept the Muslims and the prophet vigilant was patience which they practiced without the thought of retaliation to their persecutors. Though this persecution persisted and all that Mohammad could do is advice the Muslims to flee to Abyssinia modern day Ethiopia in Africa. The Quarish didn’t take this move very nicely thus they persuade them to Ethiopia but the host gave the Muslims a protective arm after realizing that they prophesized on Jesus and Mary him being a Christian he embraced them. After the death of khadijah Mohamed then married two other wives Sawdeh who was a widow and Aisha the daughter of his friend Abu Bakr. They lived in Medinah. In 622 CE the Quarish leaders developed a ploy to kill the prophet, but their plan was foiled by angel Jibril visiting prophet Mohamed and instructed him to leave mekkah immediately, Abu Bakr accompanied him during this escapade. They went south of mekkah to the caves he later sought refuge in Quba on the suburbs of Medinah. His head was offered at the price of hundred camels dead or alive by the Quarish leaders. Though all was not well because they fought many wars with non-believers at Medinah, during this wars many women became widows thus the prophet opted to marry several other women in his sixtieth and seventieth year of his life. After this a revelation was made on the number of wives one was to marry, this was defined though he didn’t divorce any of his wives being that all of them were either widows or divorcees accept Aisha. During the year 629 CE Mohammad went to pilgrimage in mekkah though he faced some difficulties with the Quarish leaders, they later agreed through an agreement, this was violated again by the same Quarish leaders who attacked allies of the prophet this prompted the prophet to help. (Armstrong 1992). Return to Mecca Prophet Mohammed marched gloriously into mekkah with an army of three thousand Muslims plus ten thousand others that joined him on the way; they conquered the holy city and lived there. All the idols at ka’bah were destroyed and once again it was cleansed from ungodliness brought by foreigners. Though the Mekkans expected that they would face wrath from the prophet, but he pardoned them. The whole of Arabia then accepted Islam, soon after his wife Mariah bore him a son and he was named Ibrahim he died after ten months. Thus his children on earth came to be numbered seven in total. His death brought an eclipse of the sun and the prophet symbolized this by saying that the sun and the moon are signs of God. Last Days The last pilgrimage performed by the prophet was done in 632 CE; it’s during this pilgrimage that, he received his last revelation from angel Jibril. After two months the prophet died on a Monday June the eighth, in the year 632CE, he was buried at the same place where he died, in Medina. (Armstrong 1992). Conclusion Prophet Mohamed lived a simple and fulfilled life, his worldly possession included mats, blankets, jugs and other simple possessions. He spent most of his time praying and in meditation, his family used to fore go meals they relayed on dried bread and dates with water. He left nothing to be inherited except a white mule, a piece of land and a few ammunitions. His last words were that the communities of prophets are not to be inherited but whatever they live behind should be used for charity. Leadership is all about becoming a servant first Mohammad was a servant to his people he was persecuted and tortured for religion sake. He practiced Patience and seeked no retaliation only waiting on Allah to act; his generosity to the afflicted is beyond reproach this is seen at the way he extends his kindness to widows and orphans. At the end of his mission as a prophet he was endowed with followers who are all over the world despite the early persecutions he had first as he was ordained. All his persecutors then bowed unto his rule and followed his teachings. All who follow his teachings are called the Muslims and are said to practice Islam they worship at the mosque while they read and practice the Holy Scriptures from the holy book called the Quran. All Muslims try to emulate his teachings his way of life when it comes to honesty and trust worthiness not to mention his kindness. Up to this date the Muslim fraternity make the honor of going to Mecca at least once in a lifetime they regard it as the holy city were they receive blessings and pardon. Though his life was marred with tribulations he succeeded in doing Gods will, that is giving his people a continuation with their religion that was destroyed by foreigners’ who had idolatrized it. Summary of Prophet Mohammad’s life Prophet Mohammad was an orphan who was raised by his paternal uncle. He grew to become a merchant in the trade caravans in the great Syria, Yemen and Mecca. He married at the age of twenty five to a rich merchant widow by the name of khadijah. They had two sons who died when still young and four daughters who survived to adult hood. At the age of forty he was visited by angel Jibril, though in doubt he finally accepted the ordination of prophet hood. He faced numerous persecutions as he went through his missions to the extent of sending his followers to Ethiopia. His own family members (his uncle and aunt) disowned him. He wrote the Quran through revelations made to him by angel Jibril. Later on he conquered the Quarish leadership and ruled Mecca. Before his death he bore another son by the name of Ibrahim though he died after ten months. Prophet Mohamed married three wives, but because of the afflictions that widows went through after wars he extended his kindness and married them. He was a kind man, trustworthy, and simple (humble). References Armstrong K. (1992). Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet. Harper Collins Publishers Ali M. M. (1997). The Biography: of the Prophet and the Orientalists. King Fahd Complex Brown . D. (2003): A New Introduction to Islam. Blackwell Publishing

The Odyssey Study Guide

The Odyssey Study Guide The Odyssey is an epic poem attributed to the ancient Greek poet Homer. Most likely composed in the late 8th century B.C.E., it is the second-oldest-known work in Western literature. (The oldest-known work is Homers Iliad, for which The Odyssey is considered a sequel.) The Odyssey first appeared in English in the 17th century and has been translated more than sixty times. Many of the words and phrases employed by Homer are open to a wide range of interpretation, causing not-insignificant differences between translations. Fast Facts: The Odyssey Title: The OdysseyAuthor: HomerDate Published: Composed during the 8th century B.C.E.Type of Work: PoemGenre: Epic Original Language: Ancient GreekThemes: Spiritual growth, cunning vs. strength, order vs. disorderMajor Characters: Odysseus, Penelope, Telemachus, Athena, Zeus, Poseidon, CalypsoNotable Adaptations: Ulysses by Lord Tennyson (1833), Ithaka by C.P. Cavafy (1911), Ulysses by James Joyce (1922) Plot Summary At the start of The Odyssey, the author addresses the Muse, asking her to tell him about Odysseus, the hero who spent more time traveling back to his Greek home than any other Greek hero at the Trojan War. Odysseus has been kept captive by the goddess Calypso. The other gods, except Poseidon (god of the sea) fell sympathy for Odysseus. Poseidon hates him because he blinded his son, Polyphemus. The goddess Athena, Odysseus’ protector, convinces her father, Zeus, that Odysseus needs assistance. She disguises herself and travels to Greece to meet with Odysseus’ son, Telemachus. Telemachus is unhappy because his home is beset by suitors who want to marry his mother, Penelope, and take over Odysseus throne. With Athenas help, Telemachus sets out to search for his father. He visits other veterans of the Trojan War, and one of his father’s old comrades, Menelaus, tells him that Odysseus is being held by Calypso. Meanwhile, Calypso finally releases Odysseus. Odysseus sets out on a boat, but the vessel is soon destroyed by Poseidon, who harbors a grudge against Odysseus. Odysseus swims to a nearby island where he is warmly greeted by King Alcinous and Queen Arete of the Phaeacians. There, Odysseus recounts the story of his journey. Odysseus explains that he and his companions left Troy on twelve ships. They visited the island of the lotus-eaters and were captured by the cyclops Polyphemus, son of Poseidon. When making an escape, Odysseus blinded Polyphemus, inspiring Poseidons wrath as a result. Next, the men nearly made it home, but were blown off course. They first encountered a cannibal, and then the witch Circe, who turned half of Odysseus men into pigs but spared Odysseus thanks to the protection provided to him by the sympathetic gods. After one year, Odysseus and his men left Circe and reached the edge of the world, where Odysseus summoned spirits for advice and learned of the suitors living in his home. Odysseus and his men made their way past more threats, including the Sirens, a many-headed sea monster, and an enormous whirlpool. Hungry, they ignored warnings and hunted the sacred cattle of the god Helios; as a result, they were punished with yet another shipwreck, stranding Odysseus on Calypsoâ€℠¢s island. After Odysseus tells his story, the Phaeacians help Odysseus disguise himself and travel home at last. Upon returning to Ithaca, Odysseus meets his son Telemachus, and the two men agree that the suitors must be killed. Odysseus wife Penelope arranges for an archery competition, which she has rigged to guarantee Odysseus win. After winning the competition, Odysseus slaughters the suitors and reveals his true identity, which Penelope accepts after putting him through one final trial. Finally, Athena saves Odysseus from the vengeance of the dead suitors families. Major Characters Odysseus. Odysseus, a Greek warrior, is the protagonist of the poem. His journey home to Ithaca after the Trojan War is the primary narrative of the poem. He is a somewhat non-traditional hero, as he is known more for his cleverness and cunning than his physical strength. Telemachus. Telemachus, the son of Odysseus, was an infant when his father left Ithaca. In the poem, Telemachus goes on a quest to figure out his fathers whereabouts. He ultimately reunites with his father and helps him kill Penelopes suitors. Penelope. Penelope is the loyal wife of Odysseus and mother of Telemachus. Her cleverness equals that of her husband. During Odysseus 20-year absence, she devises numerous tricks to stave off the suitors who seek to marry her and gain power over Ithaca. Poseidon. Poseidon is the god of the sea. He is angry with Odysseus for blinding his son, the cyclops Polyphemus, and makes various attempts to hinder Odysseus journey home. He can be considered Odysseus primary antagonist. Athena. Athena is the goddess of cunning and intelligent warfare, as well as the crafts (e.g. weaving). She favors Odysseus and his family, and she actively helps Telemachus and advises Penelope. Literary Style As an epic poem written in the 8th century B.C.E., The Odyssey was almost certainly intended to be spoken, not read. It was composed in an ancient form of Greek known as Homeric Greek, a poetic dialect specific to poetic compositions. The poem is composed in dactylic hexameter (sometimes referred to as epic meter). The Odyssey begins in media res, starting off in the middle of the action and providing expository details later. The non-linear plot leaps back and forth in time. The poem employs flashbacks and poems-within-a-poem to fill in these gaps. Another key feature of the poems style is the use of epithets: fixed phrases and adjectives that are often repeated when a characters name is mentioned- e.g. bright-eyed Athena. These epithets serve to remind the reader about the characters most important essential traits. The poem is also notable for its sexual politics in that the plot is driven as much by the decisions made by women as it is by male warriors. In fact, many of the men in the story, like Odysseus and his son Telemachus, are passive and frustrated through much of the story. By contrast, Penelope and Athena take numerous active steps to protect Ithaca and assist Odysseus and his family. About the Author There is some disagreement about Homer’s authorship of The Odysseyï » ¿. Most ancient accounts refer to Homer as a blind poet from Ionia, but todays scholars believe more than one poet worked on what we know today as The Odyssey. Indeed, there is evidence that the final section of the poem was added much later than the previous books. Today, most scholars accept that The Odyssey is the product of several sources that were worked on by several different contributors. Sources â€Å"The Odyssey - Homer - Ancient Greece - Classical Literature.† Oedipus the King - Sophocles - Ancient Greece - Classical Literature, www.ancient-literature.com/greece_homer_odyssey.html.Mason, Wyatt. â€Å"The First Woman to Translate the Odyssey Into English.† The New York Times, The New York Times, 2 Nov. 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/11/02/magazine/the-first-woman-to-translate-the-odyssey-into-english.html.Athens, AFP in. â€Å"Ancient Find May Be Earliest Extract of Epic Homer Poem Odyssey.† The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 10 July 2018, www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/10/earliest-extract-of-homers-epic-poem-odyssey-unearthed.Mackie, Chris. â€Å"Guide to the Classics: Homers Odyssey.† The Conversation, The Conversation, 15 July 2018, theconversation.com/guide-to-the-classics-homers-odyssey-82911.â€Å"Odyssey.† Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 13 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey#Structure.

Achievements of the Ancient Greeks essays

Achievements of the Ancient Greeks essays Before there was Rome, Greece was the center of the Mediterranean. The Ancient Greeks had many achievements that have influenced the way we live today. The Greeks architecture, lighting, farming, jobs, sports, and music were their accomplishments. The Ancient Greeks commonly built their houses with relatively inexpensive materials such as stone, wood, or clay bricks. They painted the outside of their houses white to deflect the heat of the sun. Despite the elite architectural standards demonstrated by the Greeks, the materials they used to build the houses left flaws in their design. The walls of houses built with sun-dried bricks had a tendency to wash away, little by little, in the rain which would eventually lead to the complete collapse of the house, burying everything within its walls. When this happened, the ground would be leveled off and another house would be built on top of the same lot. Over time, mounds would grow where several houses had been leveled. Due to this method of building, much of the information regarding the Ancient Greeks living conditions and living standards have been discovered by archaeologists. The rich lived in what we would describe as a large town house, consisting of a dozen or so rooms, an d conveniently located close to all town facilities. The typical house stood beside a narrow, crooked street. The front of the house usually had a front door and a few small windows positioned high in the wall. Rooms were built around a small open-air courtyard where families would spend much of their time relaxing and entertaining. The furnishings inside these homes were relatively simple and can be identified by the illustrations on vases and stone reliefs. They included items such as chairs, stools, couches, tables and various chests, boxes and baskets. Many of these items were made of wood or other organic materials.(Pearson 28) The main source of lighting were candles, resinous torches, and oil lamps. A...

S5W6DQs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

S5W6DQs - Essay Example Therefore, among the many causes of the implementation of apartheid system was to prevent the enlightenment of blacks which could be detrimental to the Dutch supremacy and colonial rule in the country. For that reason, apartheid ensured that blacks and whites could not interact or share ideas. This successfully jeopardized the blacks’ endeavor to get enlightened. Additionally, the unity between whites and blacks could have been disastrous to the colonial government and divide and rule became the philosophy to maintain power. The implementation of apartheid in South Africa has numerous consequences most of which revolved around the supremacy of white minority and the suffering of the black majority. Racial hatred was a direct consequence of apartheid in the sense that the black community disliked whites because of the noble and prestigious lifestyles. Africans, on the other hand, were left to reside in poor neighborhoods with minimal or no amenities at all (Gibson, 2006). This schism eventually led to the freedom (independence) movement in South Africa. The apartheid system created a monopoly for the white minority to dominate all spheres of power creating a great advantage for the colonial power. In the absence of the system, blacks could have claimed equal share of national resources. The reconciliation process in South Africa is unparalleled in the world in the sense that no other country has been able to successfully deal with past racial injustices like South Africa. After independence in 1994, it was highly expected that the new majority government would expel whites and perhaps revenge for the barbaric treatment of blacks. However, to the surprise of many, the new South African republic embarked on a reconciliation process that was underscored by the pursuit for truth and reconciliation (Vora & Vora, 2004). At the centre of this process was the Truth and Reconciliation Commission that organized several sittings where victims, their relatives and

Major theorist in the history of psychology Essay

Major theorist in the history of psychology - Essay Example Personal Development Horney experienced her parents divorce in 1905 and she was sent to stay with her father. At that time, she was old enough to go into medical school against the advice of her family. At this time, women were not given university education in most universities. She went to University of Freiburg because it was one of the first in Germany to admit women (Boeree, 2006). While in medical school, she met Oscar Horney, which she later married. They had three children and Horney felt the harsh discipline that her husband gave her children was good because they were encouraged to become independent (Langenderfer, 1999). Horney also lost her mother soon after she started medical school. All of these events caused great stress to her and she went into psychoanalysis. Adding to the stress, Horney's husband's business eventually collapsed and he developed meningitis and became a very disagreeable man. Horney's brother died years later from a pulmonary infection at the age of 40. This event thrust her deeper into depression so deeply in fact that she thought about suicide (Boeree, 2006). Horney eventually moved to the United States (New York) and began friendships with Harry Stack Sullivan and Erich Fromm, two men who would eventually become well known psychologists. Historical Development Horney became deeply involved with psychology and particularly orthodox Freudianism. She did not see this as a viable theory especially when it came to female psycho-sexual development. She realized that here were many socio-cultural factors that were important to human development and not as sexual as Freudians would have people believe. Eventually, she would have to found her own organization, the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis, because Freudians refused to accept her theories (Mazzarella, 1999). Horney's first book, The Neurotic Personality of Our Time, written in 1937, was the first of several books that would explore her ideas of neurosis and ho w culture affected the individual who had the neurosis. Her next book, Self-Analysis (1942), would focus on her own experiences with depression and her recovery from it. Horney wrote other books, articles and lectures as well as becoming a prominent teacher in the field, until her death in 1952 (Langenderfer, 1999). Major Contributions to Psychology According to Boeree (2006) the major contribution that Horney brought to psychology was her study of neurosis. At the time, Freudians felt that neurosis could be traced back to sexual need, but Horney brought a different view. She saw neurosis as part of everyday life and as something that people used to cope or control their life. In other words, this was what people did to attempt to live out their life. Horney saw that there were ten specific patterns of needs for neurosis. These ten patterns or neurotic needs are: 1. The need to be liked by other people and for affection and approval. 2. The need for a partner who will take care of t he individual and in fact, someone who will take over their life. 3. The need to restrict oneself to live with narrow borders that will cause the individual to live quietly and without notice. 4. The need for power and control over others. The feelings of omnipotence and to be dominant over those who are weaker. 5. The need to exploit other people and to take advantage of them. Neurotics have